tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38422992543337693192024-03-13T21:32:02.855-07:00Make money writing essaysWhich Of The Following Would Be Most Suitable As A Thesis Statement For A Persuasive EssayNalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-10633687814585770582020-08-26T20:09:00.001-07:002020-08-26T20:09:05.880-07:007 Tips to Surviving the First Year as a New School Principal7 Tips to Surviving the First Year as a New School Principal The main year as another head at a school is an overwhelming challenge.à Everyone is attempting to make sense of you, testing your courage, and endeavoring to make a decent impression.à As a head, you need to discover an equalization in making changes, building connections, and making sense of what everybody is as of now doing well.à It takes a sharp feeling of perception and a huge venture of your time.à Even veteran principals taking over at another school ought not come in anticipating that things should be equivalent to they were at their past school. There are such huge numbers of factors from school to class that the greater part of the main year will be an understanding procedure. The accompanying seven hints can help control you through that basic first year as another school head. 7 Tips For Surviving the First Year As a New School Principal Comprehend your directors desires. It is difficult to be a successful school head anytime on the off chance that you and the director are not in the same spot. It is basic that you generally comprehend what their desires are. The administrator is your immediate chief. What they state goes, regardless of whether you don't totally concur with them. Having a solid working relationship with your director can just assist you with being a fruitful principal.Create an arrangement of assault. You will be overpowered! It is extremely unlikely around it. In spite of the fact that you may think you know how much there is to do, there is significantly more than you could have envisioned. The best way to filter through all the assignments that it takes to prepare and get past your first year is to plunk down and make an arrangement of what you will do. Organizing is basic. Make an agenda of the considerable number of things you have to do and set a period table of when they should be finished. Ex ploit the time you have when no understudies are around in light of the fact that once they factor into the condition, the probable hood of a calendar working is exceptionally improbable. Be sorted out. Association is critical. It is highly unlikely you can be a compelling head on the off chance that you don't have remarkable association aptitudes. There are so much numerous features of the activity that you can make disarray with yourself as well as with those you should be driving on the off chance that you are not sorted out. Being disorderly makes turmoil and bedlam in a school setting particularly from an individual in a place of administration can just prompt disaster.Get to know your instructing personnel. This one can represent the deciding moment you as a head. You don't need to be each educator closest companion, yet it is important that you procure their regard. Set aside the effort to become more acquainted with every one of them by and by, discover what they anticipate from you, and let them know your desires early. Manufacture a strong establishment for a strong working relationship early and above all back your educators except if it is incomprehensible not to.Get to realize your care staff. These are the individuals in the background who don't get enough credit however basically run the school. The clerical specialists, support, caretakers, and cafeteria staff regularly find out about what is new with the school than any other person. They are likewise the individuals whom you depend on to ensure the day by day activities run smooth. Invest energy becoming more acquainted with them. Their creativity can be priceless. Acquaint yourself with network individuals, guardians, and understudies. This abandons saying, yet the connections you work with the benefactors of your school will be gainful. Establishing a great first connection will lay the foundation for you to expand on those connections. Being a chief is about the connections you have with individuals. Much the same as with your instructors, it is fundamental to pick up the networks regard. Recognition is reality, and a main that isn't regarded is an incapable principal.Learn about network and region customs. Each school and network are extraordinary. They have various norms, conventions, and desires. Change a long-standing occasion, for example, the Christmas program and you will get supporters thumping down your entryway. Rather than making extra issues for yourself grasp these conventions. In the event that it gets essential sooner or later to roll out an improvement, at that point make a board of trustees of guardians, network individuals, and understudies. Disclose your side to the board of trustees and let them choose so the choice doesn't fall solidly on your shoulders. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-34123568213029197832020-08-22T09:22:00.001-07:002020-08-22T09:22:26.947-07:00Surrealism - The Movement and Artists Who Defied LogicOddity - The Movement and Artists Who Defied Logic Oddity makes no sense. Dreams and the functions of the psyche mind rouse workmanship loaded up with odd pictures and odd juxtapositions. Innovative scholars have consistently played with the real world, however in the mid twentieth century Surrealism developed as an insightful and social development. Filled by the lessons of Freud and the insubordinate work of Dada craftsmen and artists, surrealists like Salvador Dalã , Renã © Magritte, and Max Ernst advanced free affiliation and dream symbolism. Visual craftsmen, artists, writers, authors, and movie producers searched for approaches to free the mind and tap concealed stores of innovativeness. Highlights of Surrealistic Art Dream-like scenes and representative imagesUnexpected, irrational juxtapositionsBizarre arrays of normal objectsAutomatism and a feeling of spontaneityGames and procedures to make irregular effectsPersonal iconographyVisual punsà Distorted figures and biomorphic shapesUninhibited sexuality and no-no subjectsPrimitive or youngster like plans How Surrealism Became a Cultural Movement Workmanship from the far off past can seem strange to the advanced eye. Mythical serpents and evil presences populate antiquated frescos and medieval triptychs. Italian Renaissance painter Giuseppe Arcimboldoâ (1527ââ¬1593) utilized trompe lââ¬â¢oeil impacts à to delineate human faces made of natural product, blossoms, creepy crawlies, or fish. The Netherlandish craftsman Hieronymus Boschâ (c. 1450-1516) transformed farm animals and family questions into alarming beasts. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4pMmrZB6esdZK1u67jrbXGJnaAI=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bosch-Dali-GettyImages-5a875feec0647100376476f7.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/dN5_RdNunopWi-s-u9i4dNIjLvs=/828x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bosch-Dali-GettyImages-5a875feec0647100376476f7.jpg 828w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/dIy6vEnOTWWoZZlcyGn9MzGggWs=/1356x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bosch-Dali-GettyImages-5a875feec0647100376476f7.jpg 1356w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2xDf3RpsXI14JrmhGDF96AO4dV0=/2413x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bosch-Dali-GettyImages-5a875feec0647100376476f7.jpg 2413w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UhDNOuxw7gwp8otUrSOdPCxFYRk=/2413x1500/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Bosch-Dali-GettyImages-5a875feec0647100376476f7.jpg src=//:0 alt=Surrealistic rock arrangements painted by Bosch and Salvador Dali class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-8 information following container=true /> Did Salvador Dalã model his bizarre stone after a picture by Hieronymus Bosch? Left: Detail from The Garden of Earthly Delights, 1503-1504, by Hieronymus Bosch. Right: Detail from The Great Masturbator, 1929, by Salvador Dalã . Credit: Leemage/Corbis and Bertrand Rindoff Petroff by means of Getty Images Twentieth-century surrealists adulated The Garden of Earthly Delights and considered Bosch their ancestor. Surrealist craftsman Salvador Dalã may have imitated Bosch when he painted the odd, face-molded stone development in his amazingly sexual magnum opus, The Great Masturbator. Notwithstanding, the dreadful pictures Bosch painted are not surrealist in the advanced sense. Itââ¬â¢s likely that Bosch intended to show Biblical exercises as opposed to investigate dim corners of his mind. So also, Giuseppe Arcimboldoââ¬â¢s superbly intricate and amazing representations were visual riddles intended to entertain as opposed to test the oblivious. In spite of the fact that they look dreamlike, canvases by early craftsmen reflected intentional idea and shows of their time. Conversely, twentieth century surrealists defied show, moral codes, and the restraints of the cognizant mind.The development rose up out of Dada, a cutting edge way to deal with craftsmanship that derided the foundation. Marxist thoughts started a hatred for Capitalist society and a hunger for social defiance. The works of Sigmund Freud proposed that higher types of truth may be found in the psyche. Also, the mayhem and catastrophe of World War I prodded a craving to part from custom and investigate new types of expression.â In 1917, French author and pundit Guillaume Apollinaire utilized the term ââ¬Å"surrã ©alismeâ⬠to portray Parade, a vanguard expressive dance with music by Erik Satie, outfits and sets by Pablo Picasso, and story and movement by other driving craftsmen. Adversary groups of youthful Parisians grasped surrã ©alisme and fervently discussed the significance of the term. The development authoritatively propelled in 1924 when artist Andrã © Breton distributed the First Manifesto of Surrealism. Instruments and Techniques of Surrealist Artists Early supporters of the Surrealism development were progressives who looked to release human inventiveness. Breton opened a Bureau for Surrealist Research where individuals led meets and collected a document of sociological investigations and dream pictures. Somewhere in the range of 1924 and 1929 they distributed twelve issues of La Rã ©volutionsur rã ©aliste, a diary of aggressor treatises, self destruction and wrongdoing reports, and investigations into the imaginative procedure. From the outset, Surrealism was generally a scholarly development. Louis Aragon (1897ââ¬1982), Paul Ãâ°luard (1895ââ¬1952), and different artists tried different things with programmed composing, or automatism, to free their minds. Surrealist journalists additionally discovered motivation in cut-up, montage, and different kinds of discovered verse. Visual specialists in the Surrealism development depended on drawing games and an assortment of trial strategies to randomize the imaginative procedure. For instance, in a technique known as decalcomania, specialists sprinkled paint on to paper, at that point scoured the surface to make designs. Thus, bulletismâ involved shooting ink onto a surface, and à ©claboussure included splashing fluid onto a painted surface that was then wiped. Odd and regularly diverting arrays of discovered items turned into a well known approach to make juxtapositions that tested previously established inclinations. A passionate Marxist, Andrã © Breton accepted that craftsmanship springs from an aggregate soul. Surrealist specialists frequently chipped away at ventures together.The October 1927 issue of La Rã ©volution surrã ©aliste highlighted works created from a community movement called Cadavre Exquis, or Exquisite Corpse. Members alternated composing or drawing on a piece of paper. Since nobody comprehended what previously existed on the page, the ultimate result was an astonishing andâ absurd composite. Surrealist Art Styles Visual specialists in the Surrealism development were a various gathering. Early works by European surrealists frequently followed the Dada custom of transforming natural articles into ironical and strange craftsmanships. As the Surrealism development advanced, craftsmen grew new frameworks and methods for investigating the unreasonable universe of the inner mind. Two patterns emerged:à Biomorphic (or, abstract)â and Figurative. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_Z4F24oNIHHscN2vh1Qg0nrsx4A=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GiorgiodeChirico-Getty153048548-5a876413ae9ab80037fd9879.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TDbteY5B30Sj6Q3IANVt1uxtEJU=/1501x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GiorgiodeChirico-Getty153048548-5a876413ae9ab80037fd9879.jpg 1501w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ySw520hZC142GB1nyjf6C66U0b0=/2702x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GiorgiodeChirico-Getty153048548-5a876413ae9ab80037fd9879.jpg 2702w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vGbzj_wHbDqb14w4LiNgKTIJLqQ=/5106x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GiorgiodeChirico-Getty153048548-5a876413ae9ab80037fd9879.jpg 5106w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/73UguEX-tRwLa0M4FcuhoEmqzSM=/5106x3552/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GiorgiodeChirico-Getty153048548-5a876413ae9ab80037fd9879.jpg src=//:0 alt=Surrealistic town square around evening time with void curves, inaccessible train. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-29 information following container=true /> Giorgio de Chirico. From the Metaphysical Town Square Series, ca. 1912. Oil on canvas. Dea/M. Carrieri by means of Getty Images Metaphorical surrealists delivered unmistakable illustrative workmanship. Huge numbers of the allegorical surrealists were significantly affected by Giorgio de Chirico (1888-1978), an Italian painter who established theà Metafisica, or Metaphysical, development. They applauded the fanciful nature of de Chiricos abandoned town squares with columns of curves, far off trains, and spooky figures. Like de Chirico, allegorical surrealists utilized methods of authenticity to render surprising, illusory scenes. Biomorphic (unique) surrealists needed to break altogether liberated from show. They investigated new media and made conceptual works made out of unclear, frequently unrecognizable, shapes and images. Oddity displays held in Europe during the 1920s and mid 1930s highlighted both metaphorical and biomorphic styles, just as works that may be delegated Dadaist. Incredible Surrealist Artists in Europe Jean Arp:à Born in Strassburg, Jean Arp (1886-1966) was a Dada pioneer who composed verse and tried different things with an assortment of visual mediums, for example, torn paper and wooden alleviation developments. His enthusiasm for natural structures and unconstrained articulation lined up with surrealist theory. Arp displayed with Surrealist craftsmen in Paris and turned out to be most popular for liquid, biomorphic models, for example, Tã ªte et coquille (Head and Shell). During the 1930s, Arp changed to a non-prescriptive style he called Abstraction-Crã ©ation. Salvador Dalà :à Spanish Catalan craftsman Salvador Dalã (1904-1989) Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-56792909799351217602020-08-21T06:42:00.001-07:002020-08-21T06:42:49.358-07:00Transporting In Around MITTransporting In Around MIT PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION This includes but is not limited to cars, bicycles, skateboards, scooters, and walking. My favorite method, and perhaps the only method I am fully capable of doing after years of training in New York City, is walking. I daresay most people walk. For example, freshman Me walking across the Harvard Bridge in the dead of winter. More students who want quicker transportation use bicycles. MIT has plenty of bike racks around campus near classes and dorms. There is even an auction near the beginning of the year, so its perfectly feasible to get an inexpensive bike here. It also makes it easier to get to really nice places over the weekend, like Walden Pond or Cape Cod. My friend Anthony 10 found that he missed driving terribly. So, not too long ago he bought a used car. Keeping a car around campus is not free of course, but there are a few parking lots around. I hear that driving in the city is no easy feat either PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION You may have heard that Boston has a subway system. The Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) runs this subway system, which for some reason is called the T. MIT has its own station on the Red Line at Kendall Square/MIT. The routes the T covers look something like this: In addition to subways (which cost $1.70 to $2.00 a ride), the MBTA also runs buses (these cost $1.25 to $1.50 a ride) and commuter rail trains (costs vary depending on distance). The map for the commuter rail, which covers a fair portion of the state, is here: How often do people at MIT take these things? Well, some of you might remember that Snively used the commuter rail every morning and evening last summer to get to and from his job in Providence. Ive used it to go to Worcester to see a Nightwish concert. Taking the T is essential for getting into Boston and then the buses can be used to go places the subways dont quite reach. The only inconvenience is that here in Boston, like most places, public transportation stops running. Between around 12:30am and 5:30am, the MBTA will not help you get anywhere. Some of MITs shuttles help make up for this. MIT TRANSPORTATION The MIT Department of Facilities Parking Transportation Office runs and coordinates several shuttles available to the MIT community. These include the following: Saferide. This is possibly the highest-volume shuttle at MIT. There are 4 different appropriately-named shuttles: Boston East, Boston West, Cambridge East, Cambridge West. Together, the four shuttles can reach most if not all of the dorms and FSILGs. Saferide is free and operates seven days a week from 6pm to 2:30am or 3:30am all year. Some reasons to use the Saferide include: Returning home safely after the T has stopped running. Getting to that fraternity or sorority party. Visiting your friends in faraway living groups. Visiting your friends in places near those faraway living groups (heh, BU). Quickly getting across the Charles River when its cold. Or rainy. Or both. Tech Shuttle. This operates every 20 minutes Monday through Friday, from 7:15am to 7:15pm during the entire calendar year (except holidays). Its free, and gets you all around MIT perfect for getting to classes quickly when you live in the farthest dorm and its raining outside. Northwest Shuttle. This free shuttle operates every 10 minutes weekdays from 7:25am to 6:42pm during the entire calendar year (except holidays). Its very similar to the Tech Shuttle. The map for the Tech Shuttle (in gold) and Northwest Shuttle (in black) is shown below. Daytime Boston Shuttle. This shuttle runs every 20 minutes from 8am to 6pm weekdays during the school year (September through May). It is also free, and takes people directly between MITs student center and a few of MITs Greek houses in Boston (which also are just a short hop away from all that the City of Boston has to offer). This short route is shown below. Airport Shuttle. Intuitively, these get people to and from Logan International Airport over several days right before Thanksgiving, Winter, or Spring vacations. Seats should be reserved beforehand, and costs $10.00. Perhaps good if you dont want to take (two or fewer) huge bulky suitcases around the T. Additional shuttles run by other parts of MIT or by companies in Cambridge/Boston include the Bates Shuttle, the Grocery Shuttle (Saturday mornings between Eastgate, a graduate dorm, and Star Market, a supermarket), the Lincoln Lab Shuttle, the Wellesley College Shuttle, the EZ Ride (goes to North Station, free with MIT ID), and the M2 Shuttle (goes around Cambridge, tickets for sale at the Parking and Transportation Office). This last photo is part of the Kendall/MIT Station. (Its so clean compared to NYC stations heheh). Travel safely! Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-56713863331724863482020-05-24T21:29:00.001-07:002020-05-24T21:29:02.646-07:00Minority Serving Institutions ( Msis ) - 1415 Words Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) serves to provide a college education for citizens across racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences that were excluded from higher education throughout the United States History. Minority-Serving Institutions work towards producing superior results with fewer resources while being evaluated using the same accreditation standards as prestigious majority public and private institutions (Fester, 2012, p. 816). Minority-Serving Institutions are represented by Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs), Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs), and Asian American, Native American, Pacific Islander Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs), and Minority Servicesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Laws and informal practices were exercised in the 1800s forbidding African-Americans to have the access to reading and writing (Williams, 2007). HBCUs granted the admission of African-American and postsecondary certification when other institutions excluded their participation (Palmer, 2010, p.767). With 107 HBCUs over 228,000 enrolled (U.S. Department of Education, 1991). African-Americans have increased attending colleges by the 1940s while being funded by the U.S Department of Education however limited monies supporting HBCUs casted attention away from HBCUs. In response Fredrick D. Patterson, then president of Tuskegee Institute, suggested private funding efforts. As a result, in 1944 presidents of 29 private HBCUs created the United Negro College Fund (UNCF). The UNCF served solely as a fund raising organization but evidently turned its attention on advocacy and educational roles for African-American students (Gasman, 2007). The Higher Education Act of 1965 amended in Title III authorized funds for enhancing HBCUs by strengthening their College and Universities Program and the Graduate Institutions (U.S. Department of Education, 1991). AANAPISIs are excluded from broader discourses on equity and s ocial justice thus limiting their system-wide policy considerations at state and national levels (Teranishi, 2010). AANAPSIs are academically successful however the low rates of college participation and degree Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-84015148491063717572020-05-14T04:27:00.001-07:002020-05-14T04:27:03.402-07:00Indigenous Religion Essay - 1785 Words Indigenous religions, full of vibrancy and color, are often misconstrued or written off as primitive. Examples include: Animism, a belief system that stretches back to the earliest human and is still in practice today. It is thought to be a dangerous, shamanistic religious practice that is looked upon negatively. Buddhism, a religion that people believe is practiced only by environmentalists and the ââ¬Å"hippiesâ⬠of the world. The reality is it is practiced by the majority of East Asia. It has a powerful spiritual leader that has done a lot to bring awareness about the suffering of his country. And Vodou, which is misinterpreted to be a dangerous, violent religion where people participate in sacrificial rituals and wild sexual orgies. It isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Animism shows up in many different religions. In Buddhism all things have a soul, and because of that, all things are linked. There is also a rich afterlife concept, including karma and rebirth. In Hinduis m, god spirits inhabit animals, and there are evil and good spirits. In Christianity, evil spirits, such as the devil and demons, can possess humans; there is again the concept of an afterlife, dividing evil and good spirits in heaven and hell. Shamans were spirit healers in early tribal communities. They believed that the spirit was housed within the body. They healed the people of the tribes by using deep mental states of trance. Early tribes had shamans that would make concoctions out of hallucinogenic plants to send the sick or dying into another reality. They would dance and play music and chant while applying the concoctions in an attempt to heal the spirit. Animism is a powerful belief that everything has a soul. It is ancient, and because of this it has more primitive elements such as respect for all living things. Like animism, the indigenous beliefs of Buddhism are the foundation of many contemporary religions. Buddhism could be considered the next evolution of the belief of animism because Buddhism shares the belief that everything has a soul. Buddhism is also based on respecting all living things. This is what environmentalists and hippies are attracted to inShow MoreRelatedIndigenous Religions Essay1368 Words à |à 6 PagesIndigenous Religions of the World What is an ââ¬Ëindigenousââ¬â¢ religion or belief system? When we hear the term ââ¬Ëindigenous religionââ¬â¢, what comes to our minds? How do we react internally when those words are mentioned? How do adherents of indigenous religions feel about those outside of their social and cultural circles, who know very little of their beliefs and who understand them even less. And how did the term ââ¬Ëindigenousââ¬â¢ become associated with various belief systems that, in many cases, precededRead MoreEssay on Indigenous Religion: Druid Religion672 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Druids are a major division of Indigenous Religion and are located in the British Isles and Scotland. The Druids are most commonly associated with the Indigenous Celtic people of Ireland. Druids are known to have existed as far back as 3rd century B.C.E. (History of Britain: Rise and Fall of the Druids) The Druids passed down rituals and history through stories rather than through written text so a lot is still unknown about how they lived. There are still many people in todayââ¬â¢s culture who activelyRead MoreThe Indigenous Religions Of The World1244 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Indigenous Religions of the World Throughout the world there are many various religions, some very common to you and I. However, there are many religions that are common in several isolated places all around the world in Japan, Australia, and the Americas. Many of these religions, called Indigenous Religions are based on nature, and the earth. The practice of these religions is considered sacred to the people that follow them. Many of these indigenous people are fully sacrificed to their religionRead MoreEssay on Indigenous Religions of the World1535 Words à |à 7 PagesIndigenous religions exist in every climate around the world and exhibit a wide range of differences in their stories, language, customs, and views of the afterlife. Within indigenous communities, religion, social behavior, art, and music are so intertwined that their religion is a significant part of their culture and virtually inseparable from it. These religions originally developed and thrived in isolation from one another and are some of the earliest examples of religious practice and beliefRead MoreIndigenous African Religions1192 Words à |à 5 PagesSan hunter-gatherers and the Bantu speaking farmers in every aspect of their unique cultures; how these two groups met and how they influenced each other. I will also discuss the influence the Colonists had on indigenous African cultures and if it is appropriate to refer to all the indigenous cultures as one collective group of people by discussing what these two groups (San hunter-gatherers and Bantu speaking people) have in common. Since there are no written records of the pre-colonial period, allRead MoreAfrican Indigenous Religions Essay930 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction African traditional religions were the first recorded religions to grace the plains and coasts of Southern Africa and possibly even the world. The earliest group of people living in Southern Africa has been named the San people. It was thought that San etchings and implements found in caves dated back to between 10 000 and 20 000 years ago (Deacon, 1999). However in 2008 the oldest art to date was found in a cave in Still Bay in Cape Town, called the ââ¬ËBlombosââ¬â¢ cave. It was named by ChristopherRead MoreFreedom Of Religion : Indigenous People And The United Nations2340 Words à |à 10 PagesFreedom of religion is a widely accepted right recognized through various governments and the United Nations. In Canada this right has been neglected for Indigenous people, specifically First Nations. Indigenous religions describe a religion that belonged to the people who are originally from an area. They are known to be holistic and focus on relationships, whether that be with the Cr eator, the land or the people. They often have a common belief that they are apart of nature and it is viewed asRead MoreIndigenous Religions : Native American Indians Essay823 Words à |à 4 PagesAround the world, many indigenous religions exist and share their beliefs and culture with other individuals around them. Indigenous religions are unique because in the world today, a lot of people can go back in history and reveal that they came from indigenous people. When examining indigenous religions, there are a variety of cultures within this religion, but specifically looking at the Native American Indian tribes, there were many ways they practiced their culture in order to serve a purposeRead MoreReligious Beliefs And Practices Common Among Indigenous Religions964 Words à |à 4 PagesIn what ways might the various beliefs and practices common among indigenous religions relate to definitions of religion as being that which binds back or re-connects people to an underlying and g reater sacred reality? Although western religions have some parallels, indigenous religions are much more interconnected with each other and their sacred reality. After reading this chapter, it is apparent that studies have found there is a greater connection between the people and the earth. WhileRead MoreIndigenous Religions and Their Sacred Reverence Toward Nature2252 Words à |à 10 PagesIndigenous Religions and their Sacred Reverence Toward Nature Kimberly Kitterman Barstow Community College Abstract Many indigenous religions and cultures viewed the earth with great respect and reverence. This can be seen through their kinship with the land, their belief in animism, their hunter/hunted relationship, and their origin stories. Indigenous Religions and their Sacred Reverence Toward Nature Most indigenous cultures had a profound respect for their environment. They believed that Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-81499357319193244172020-05-06T14:44:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:44:03.972-07:00Comparing The Chacmool With The Woman Of Willendorf TAJH RAY Art 150-501 Fall 2016 Research Paper Prof. D Gaffney mars and venus: comparing the chacmool with the woman of willendorf Modern figurines of art stem directly from the hands of the ancientââ¬â¢s. The organic forms of modernly sculpted artifacts can most likely be directly referenced to the movements of prehistoric artworks. There seems to be an ongoing transition on how cultures no matter how stretched apart through time, contrasted by ethnicity or religious views; can all be somewhat related to each other by the methods or principles portrayed through their artworks. In fact, I saw that very transition; within two works in which are extremely different in meaning, craftsmanship, time, culture and so on. However, I was still able to find similarities within the artifacts. In this paper I will examine Venus of Willendorf, a Paleolithic carving in limestone; which can fit in the palm of oneââ¬â¢s hand. As well as, The Sacrifice of Chacmool, which are a plethora of Mesoamerican statues emulating rituals of sacrifice. The Chacmool fi gures are always portrayed with their heads looking at their sides and their backs to the ground, upon their stomachs are bowls in which people would place offerings to the gods. The Chacmoolââ¬â¢s primary function was to hold offerings for rituals; the offerings would range from common foods to human organs. Archeologist suggests that the figures were found in ruins of the ancient cities Teotihuacan and Tula. They suggest that the works Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-82393044694203005892020-05-05T15:54:00.001-07:002020-05-05T15:54:02.321-07:00Dunbarin free essay sample Tosin Sowemimo is the first out of four children. She was born on October 1st 1965. Her parents are Mr. amp; Mrs. Olatawura. She belongs to a family of 6. She has 3 younger siblings; Olayiwola Olatawura who is a doctor, Funmi Akindele who is also a doctor and Titilola Olatawura who is a pharmacist. She attended Maryhill Convent School primary school in Ibadan. Later on in life she attended St. Anneââ¬â¢s secondary school. Later on in life she attended University of Ife and UNILAG (University Of Lagos). She has two masters both in Law.. Her place of Origin is Ekiti in Ondo State. Mrs. Tosin Sowemimo grew up at Old Bodija in Ibadan and later relocated to New Bodija. She got married on the 29th of January 1994. She met her husband, Olugbemiga Sowemimo, at university. Her hobbies include swimming, reading amp; travelling . Tosinââ¬â¢s favourite times of the year include summer because she can rest and have fun; and Christmas because it is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. We will write a custom essay sample on Dunbarin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her favourite foods include Pounded Yam amp; Efo Riro (National) and Steak amp; Potatoes (Continental). Currently she is an Event Manager. She runs ââ¬Å"Etceteera All The Detailsâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ which is one of the leading event management companies in Nigeria. She is also a pastor at The Fountain of Life Church Ilupeju. She is a proud of mother of 3. Her daughters are Dunbarin, Murewa and I, Morountodun. She is a fun and energetic person; one to always make people laugh. She has quite a number of friends and they all think positively of her. Her principle in life is ââ¬Å"If you canââ¬â¢t do something the right way then donââ¬â¢t do it at all. â⬠Her favourite colour is Orange and her favourite drink is Coke. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-41899790430877071872020-04-05T13:55:00.001-07:002020-04-05T13:55:03.269-07:00Atticus Essays - Atticus, Ron Hansen, Detective Mystery, Dad ScottAtticus Essays - Atticus, Ron Hansen, Detective Mystery, Dad Scott Atticus Atticus, a deeply affecting novel by Ron Hansen, opens in winter on the high plains of Colorado to the tropics of Mexico, as well as from the realm of whodunit detective mystery to the larger realm of the Mystery, which has its own heartbreaking, consoling, and redemptive logic. Misunderstanding, dissolute, prodigal, wayward, wastrel, alias, and bribery are only a few words that tell the powerful story of Atticus. The case was labeled as a suicide. The body was identified as forty-year-old Scott William Cody, a blue-eyed white male. The plot of the book takes three sharp turns. It begins as a conventional novel about the relationship between a father and his troubled adult son. After one character dies, it zigs into a murder mystery, and by the end has zagged into something entirely different, a parable, let's say, in which characters find redemption. Atticus Cody, Colorado cattle rancher turned oilman, appears at first to be a remote and judgmental dad, but as we observe the gentle, persistent concern he shows for his wayward son Scott, we discover nothing less than the ideal dad. Scott's testing of his father's love goes way beyond normal bounds: his alcoholism and general irresponsibility actually cause the deaths of several other characters. Scott's peregrinations take Atticus from his home in Colorado to the slums and bohemian underworld of a Mexican town. There, Atticus confronts a seamy and labyrinthine corruption that tries to separate him from the love of his son. Atticus, the Father, won't let go, and that's the point. In my humble opinion, the message of the book is that an ultimately moving meditation on the ineffable, unmatchable love between a parent and a child should always be a close bond, because you might not have a second chance for reconciliation. Atticus Cody receives a surprise Christmas visit from Scott, his estranged son who has been leading the life of a wastrel expatriate in Mexico. The friction between them is electric, and despite Atticus's profound love for his son he is unable to overcome the differences between them, and Scott returns to Mexico with their conflicts unresolved. Any hopes for reconciliation end when Scott supposedly commits suicide a few weeks later. Atticus journeys to Mexico to recover the body and he uncovers the story of his son's death, fitting together the pieces of mosaic that was Scott's life in Mexicoand encountering a group of disturbing characters along the way. Upon learning the circumstances surrounding his son's death, Atticus begins to suspect Scott was murdered. Unsatisfied with the police investigation, the sixty-seven year old father begins his own, struggling to comprehend the enigma of Scott's life and final days. It is an investigation that leads Atticus to an unexpected, but emot ionally satisfying conclusion. Scott alias Reinhardt Schmidt, finally stopped the charade and disclosed his true identity and reunited with his father, bringing them closer than ever before. Scott Cody was in a lot of turmoil. He felt as if he was nothing, and couldn't do anything productive with his life. He was suicidal and was treated for it, where he also madly fell in love with Renata, his on-and-off girlfriend. He felt devastated when he lost her to another man. Scott was in even greater trouble when he was involved in a hit-and-run accident, where he killed a seventeen-year-old girl. The girl's boyfriend went after Scott, and accidentally murdered Reinhardt Schmidt instead of Scott. Scott realizes that will be a dead man if he doesn't take on Schmidt's identity. But soon enough, Scott realizes all the devastation that he brought to his family and to his friends, and so then he decides to unfold the truth behind his identity. I think I speak for everyone when I say this, we usually take people for granted. We don't talk the way we should, or express ourselves to the fullest. We later regret our behaviors when it's too late. Each day is a new day, and no one can really predict the contents, whether its good or bad. We should all treat each other with respect and love for one another, and treasure every moment you have with one another, because you never know what life will have in store for Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-44489212395259876732020-03-08T19:15:00.001-07:002020-03-08T19:15:03.340-07:00Todays Politics of the Mexican Government essaysTodays Politics of the Mexican Government essays Even with the National Action Partys 61-year existence it was only able to gain the support required to win an election this past year (lcweb2, frd_7olY). The party had always, with the exception of two elections, been able to win second place to the Institutional Revolutionary Party. It took the character of Vicente Fox to win the popular vote and remove the long ruling PRI. Fox wasnt the only force helping to end the 71 year one party rule, the National Democratic Institute, which oversees the validity of elections in democratically struggling countries, watched carefully to see that the PRI did not continue its traditional election tampering. With the election of Fox, the Mexican people are expecting the new party to do what the former government couldnt. If Fox fails it could lead the country away from the path to democracy. Vicente Fox is a 58-year-old divorced father of four adopted children who had spent most of his adult life rising through the political ranks and fighting the PRI the whole way. He was not unaccustomed to fighting his way to success after his career with Mexicos Coca-Cola Corporation. He began at Coke as a route supervisor and within 10 years became the companys youngest president at age 32. Entering politics at 1987 he won a federal Congressmans seat just a year later. In the same year he began his protest of fraud in the presidential elections by taping the burning of electoral ballots. He lost his bid for the governor of his home state allegedly due to the PRIs election tampering but this only further set his mind on the presidency. Rather than depend on the support of those in the National Action Party, Fox established the Friends of Fox to raise the money and the support for his presidential run (ft, spc886). The Campaign was a tough one, Fox and Labastida, the PRI candidate, were considered to be in a dead heat right up to the elect... Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-37741025979335043582020-02-21T09:42:00.001-08:002020-02-21T09:42:01.909-08:00Alternative fuel sources for automobiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsAlternative fuel sources for automobiles - Essay Example The increased use of CNG vehicles would make the United States less dependent on foreign sources of oil. The current supply of natural gas will last for generations and new drilling techniques are reaching natural gas locked in shale deposits. The process of fracturing the shale using high-pressure liquids is referred to as fracking. This new technique promises to provide cheap natural gas for well over a hundred years (Efstathiou and Chipman, 2011). Aside from the political benefits, CNG cars have very low emissions (Alternative, 2011). The greenhouse gas spewing combustion of current gasoline powered vehicles would be a thing of the past. While it is true that natural gas is a fossil fuel, and it is not a renewable fuel, burning it in vehicles will go a long way towards reducing our nationââ¬â¢s carbon footprint. Some vehicles that use CNG are Dedicated CNG vehicles, meaning they can only burn compressed natural gas. Other vehicles are Bi-Fuel vehicles, meaning they have small t anks that use gasoline as well as CNG tanks. The Bi-Fuel cars are popular because they have a greater range than Dedicated vehicles (Natural, 2011). There are drawbacks to CNG cars. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-9135776662188895952020-02-05T07:11:00.001-08:002020-02-05T07:11:03.016-08:00My Experiences As a Nursing Student Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 11My Experiences As a Nursing Student - Essay Example However, any medical professional can execute the process as long as he or she follows the protocols of medical operations (Callara, L. 2008, 57). The criterion (protocol) that must be followed, starts with checking the absence of possible air leaks into the bottle of a chest drain. Air leaks are usually noted when a patient breathes out using force or coughing with vigor, unlike normal exhalation. Secondly, a check-up for the fluid volume into the chest drains to establish if it is normal or low follows. If it minimal, say, 10ml per hour, chest drain is usually present (Daly, J. Speedy, S. & Jackson, D. 2009, 68). The establishments of a respiratory difficulty also define that there is a chest drain problem. Similarly, an increased bleeding risk that is associated with a decrease in coagulation also shows that there is a chest drain. Having established the explained steps, evidence from radiology for the absence of air or accumulation of fluid in the chest will be required before th e removal of chest drain process begins (Jacob, A. & Sonali, J. 2007, 29). My work in the whole chest drain process was to prepare the equipment used for the procedure and care for the patient since before and after the procedure, the patient is put under a closed ââ¬âchest underwater seal that drains air and fluids to enhance the expansion of lungs (Basford, L. & Slevin, O. 2003, 39). The equipment I prepared for the doctor to carry out the procedure was a sterile dressing pack, gloves, stitch cutter, a solution for the cleansing of the skin, a clinical waste bag, a sterile swab, clamps and a dressing that is non-adherent (Quinn, F. 1998, 45). The predominant procedure is ensuring that the patient lies in an upright position to guarantee the expansion of lungs so that there is easy optimal drainage of air and fluids enhanced by gravity (Fagin, C. 2000, 40).à à Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-54159257199936663252020-01-28T03:35:00.001-08:002020-01-28T03:35:06.338-08:00What Is Enterprise Application Integration Information Technology EssayWhat Is Enterprise Application Integration Information Technology Essay We are living in a world of rapid technological change. Organizations are demanding more functionality from integrated applications; new computing techniques to reuse and repurpose legacy data, and quicker deployment of technology to suit rapidly changing structures and business focus. And some of these drivers actually contain contradictions which must be simpler, but it has to be compliant with a raft of complex requirements; organizations want it quickly. They want it designed to meet the future to be competitive in the market, but with taking into consideration valuable data that have been accumulated in the past. Some fundamentally new ways of thinking about technology are emerging to manage this complex set of requirements using existing technologies but putting them together quite differently. There is a high competition between organizations worldwide, technology and business process together must be integrated so as to compete in such a market. (Thomas Gulledge, 2006) This paper will discuss the difference between Enterprise Application Integration and Service Oriented Architecture. And will clarify many misconceptions between them. This paper is compromised of three main sections. The first section gives an overview of enterprise application integration. The second section gives an overview on service oriented architecture and web-services. Finally the last section discussing the relationship between enterprise application integration and service oriented architecture. Enterprise Application Integration (EAI): What is EAI? Supply chain management applications (for managing inventory and shipping), customer relationship management applications (for managing current and potential customers), business intelligence applications (for finding patterns from existing data from operations), and other types of applications (for managing data such as human resources data, health care, internal communications, etc) typically cannot communicate with one another in order to share data or business rules throughout a company. Enterprise application integration (EAI) is the process of linking such applications within a single organization together in order to simplify and automate business processes to the greatest extent possible, while at the same time avoiding having to make sweeping changes to the existing applications or data structures (Wilfried Limahieu, et al., 2003). Enterprise application integration (EAI) is defined by Linthicum (1999) EAI is the unrestricted sharing of data and business processes among any connected applications and data source in the enterprise, However researchers have different perspective on defining it as some suggested inter-organizational Application Integration as the highest level of EAI and others suggested it as a part of external and internal Application Integration, so It can be considered as two types intra and inter-organizational AI. It is considered as a framework that is formed of a collection of technologies and services forming a middleware allowing the integration of different systems across the enterprise such as legacy systems, enterprise resource planning systems, and best-of-breed business. It is considered as a business computing term for the plans, methods, and tools aimed at modernizing, consolidating, and coordinating the computer applications in an enterprise (Bouchaib Bahli and Fei Ji, 2007). It usually comes in the form of middleware connecting such kind of applications that are usually running on different systems and databases making a difficulty of communicating and sharing information within the enterprise. One large challenge of EAI is that the various systems that need to be linked together often reside on different operating systems, use different database solutions and different computer languages, and in some cases are legacy systems that are no longer supported by the vendor who originally created them (Mrinos Themistocleous, et al., 2001) EAI uses and purposes: EAI serves different purposes throughout an enterprise that allows organizations to be more flexible and responsive to market demands improving their efficiency, some of these uses are data integration, vendor independence and common facade. (Mrinos Themistocleous, et al., 2001) 2.2.1. Data integration: Data Integration is also well known as Enterprise Information Integration (EII) which is considered as the integration of information used for viewing all the data within the organization and representing them. Its goal is to get data from various data sources to appear to a system user as a single unified data source. It ensures that information in multiple systems is kept consistent. It works by providing homogenous data representations to a range of wide data sources, By providing a front end tool by which users can access data from many different databases, the software can greatly increase the efficiency of business processes that rely on these disparate databases. 2.2.2. Process Integration: Full benefit will be extracted from computer systems, only by making resources available to every single process and user within an enterprise. Unfortunately, the development of department specific systems has encouraged applications becoming more isolated and available only to a small portion of the enterprise; this kind of isolation is called islands of automation. EAI software offers the opportunity to make a connection and removing the gap between these applications. Whereas data integration standardizes data across an enterprise, process integration standardizes access to the technology and resources. It is finally considered as the linking of business processes across applications. 2.2.3 Vendor independence: As mentioned EAI software is designed for allowing integration of new applications. By extracting rules and business policies from current data and applications and implementing them in the EAI system, it becomes possible to apply these rules to new applications added in the future with little disruption, that even if one of the business applications is replaced with a different vendors application, the business rules do not have to be re-implemented. 2.2.4 Common facade: An EAI system offers a complete front-end solution, a front-end for a cluster of applications, providing a single consistent access interface to these applications. Single interface helps in reducing the complexity of many business processes throughout and enterprise, Moreover will remove the necessity of training users to operate a range of different applications, so a small basic training can be sufficient for allowing users to operate the EAI interface in a professional manner. Barriers to effective EAI and implementation pitfalls: EAI projects suffers from a nearly 70% of failure. These failures was not due to a software problem nor a technical one, however almost were due to management issues. According to EAI Industry Consortium workshop there are seven main pitfalls that were taken by companies using EAI systems explaining solutions to each problem.( Gian Trotta, ebizQ, 2003; Marinos Themistocleous, 2004) Change is constant: EAI require changes frequently in different components, spreading across value chains into companies as an integrated business process. Budgeting in the end of a particular project gets companies into trouble when service level and many requirements increase after deployment, thats the reason companies should create a post project investment that allows more than for basic maintenance. EAI skills are rare: The market suffers from a lack in persons that have skills considering EAI complex parallel processing and data combinations which can distract programmers and other staff who are used to a straight line approach. Moreover organizations that prefer the third party vendor route must be aware of its drawbacks. In addition, local language, Knowledge transfer and issue contingencies should be considered. Standards are never universal: Sometimes vendors deviate from inconsistent specifications and from different standards bodies such as those for Web services. On top of that, these standards bodies often have quite a heavy involvement from vendors, and vendors might be deciding to pursue their own agendas. Since standards cant guarantee interoperability, companies should budget for testing and validation, though relying on standards. Thinking of EAI as a tool as opposed to a system: Other critical organizational issue which was not realized till companies experienced it was a failure to realize that EAI can sometimes be difficult to control and sometimes affects other projects and service levels throughout and beyond the enterprise. It requires a set of tools and some procedures to deal with things such as security, capacity, change management and monitoring. Here comes roles and responsibilities, in which business analysts are responsible for defining the flows, IT people are the ones responsible for the actual execution and EAI administrators who interface with both business and IT staff, and finally Competence Centers are highly recommended. Treating interfaces as a science as opposed to an art: IT staff prefers solving problems using analytic solutions and inaccurate definitions to solve business unit requirements; however EAI is about linking those business components together while maintaining the value of business data. Thats the reason why building some kind of negotiation process that everybody agrees with would be a plus. That will help in resolving issues with the business departments. Without taking that into account time will be lost, deadlines will be exceeded and finally the service delivered will lack in quality considering business needs. Discarding details along the way: Within an organization as its EAI system expands, information that may seem unimportant today may become important. As an example operational requirements often differ beyond the project development stage. Keeping a record of definitions, structures, interfaces and flows, and gathering statistics would decrease lots of effort later on when it is needed. Companies must look at such kind of information at a much higher level, that one day they might need it. EAI implementation should be extensible and modular to be flexible for future changes. Unclear accountability and protectionism: Lots of companies suffers from unclear accountability as business driven integration has a need to cross corporate boundaries, engage partners, and even touch customers. As an example when there is a run time issue, it has to be addressed in some kind of coordinated fashion combining both business and IT skills. Moreover applications whose data is being integrated sometimes belong to different departments that have cultural, technical and political reasons for preventing their data to be shared with other departments. It makes it so difficult considering internal corporate politics which could take months trying to resolve simple questions like Where does the help desk report? Benefits and advantages of EAI: Imagine a company having many systems each serving a certain department and not connected nor integrated together, such a company will fall apart and will not be able to compete in the business any more as lack of communication leads to inefficiencies, EAI is the soluble glue needed for modular relationships that allow organizations to be flexible and responsive to market demands, thats the reason an integration is required (Thomas Pushmann and Rainer Alt, 2004). EAI benefits can be categorized into four groups operational, managerial, strategic, and technical. The operational benefit is that it increases productivity, improves planning in supply chain management and quick response to change. Shifting to the managerial benefit it results into more organized business process, increases the performance, improves data quality, and supports decision making. EAI strategic benefit would be that it increases collaboration between partners, achieves return on investment (ROI) and customer satisfaction. And finally the forth and last category which is the technical benefits in which it reduces the redundancy of tasks and data, having an integrated process, increases flexibility, and reduces development risks. It also allows organizations to do business more effectively. (Marinos Themistocleous, 2004) It allows diverse systems to connect with one another quickly to share data, communicate, and processes the information silos that plague many businesses. EAI solutions provide a way to connect the systems of collaborators, partners, and others for as long as necessary, decoupling when the relationship ends. EAI is the soluble glue for the modular corporation. It not only integrate various enterprise applications it also provides better customers and supplier services applications, and aid in promoting organizational goals. There are many cited advantages of implementing EAI, including an increased operational performance, a higher customer satisfaction. Moreover, EAI is not only about an ad hoc response to business needs, but also about gaining competitive advantage and strategic use of information technology (Themistocleous and Irani, 2002). Finally EAI is the unrestricted sharing of data and business processes throughout the networked applications or data sources in an organization. It provides real time information access among systems, helps raise organizational efficiency, and maintains information integrity across multiple systems. It is facilitates the integration problems that ERP systems failed to solve and facilitates market and economical growth.(Bouchaib Bahli and Fei Ji, 2007) Drawbacks and disadvantages of EAI: However, given all the benefits of EAI, many companies hesitate to adopt EAI technology. High initial development costs, especially for small and mid-sized businesses, require a fair amount of up front business design, which many managers are not able to envision or not willing to invest in. One drawback of EAI is that the various systems that need to be linked together often reside on different operating systems, use different database solutions and different computer languages, and sometimes there are legacy systems that are outdated and no longer supported by the vendor. In some cases, such systems are dubbed because they consist of components that have been jammed together in a way that makes it very hard to modify them in any way. In addition that EAI costs a lot, it introduces changes to organizations and the way of doing their business. Moreover it is more likely to be implemented in large organizations than in companies. Finally most EAI projects usually start off as point to point efforts, quickly becoming unmanageable as the number of applications increase. .(Marinos Themistocleous, 2004). Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): .What is SOA?: Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) can be decomposed as follows; an architecture style as a combination of distinctive features in which architecture is performed, supporting service orientation which is a way of thinking in terms of services and its outcomes. In which a service in SOA is a reusable component for using in a business process, it is a logical representation of a repeatable business activity that has a specified outcome and may be composed of other services. (Mark Colan, 2004; Barbara Reed, 2008) SOA is defined differently, however the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) an IT industry standards body defined as follows: A paradigm for organizing and utilizing distributed capabilities that may be under the control of different ownership domains. It provides a uniform means to offer, discover, interact with and use capabilities to produce desired effects consistent with measurable preconditions and expectations. Others defined SOA as An architectural design principle that describes a set of guidelines, principles and techniques by which business processes, information and technology assets can be effectively (re) organized and (re) deployed to support and enable strategic plans and productivity levels that are required by competitive business environments. (Rense M. Balk, 2006,2008). It is a set of design principles used during the phases of systems development and integration in computing. A system that is a SOA based will be integrated and can be used within multiple systems across many business domains. It is considered as a type of architecture that integrates different disparate applications for a web based environment using multiple implementation platforms. Service-orientation requires loose coupling of services with operating systems, and other technologies that underlie applications. SOA separates functions into distinct units, or services, which developers make accessible over a network in order to allow users to combine and reuse them in the production of applications. It is an architectural concept in which all functions, or services, are defined using a description language usually Extensible Markup Language (XML) and where their interfaces are discoverable over a network. The interface is defined in a neutral manner that is independent of the hardwa re platform, the operating system, and the programming language in which the service is implemented. These services communicate together using loose coupling without effecting other ones. (Jean-Louis Marà ©chaux,2006) Properties and principles of a Service Oriented Architecture: A Service Oriented Architecture is a style of architecture that embodies the following principles and elements: Services loose coupling: Services should be able to interact without the need for tight dependencies, in which a service requester should be loosely coupled to a service provider. This means that the service requester has no knowledge of the technical details of the providers implementation, such as the programming language and deployment platform. The service requester operates by sending a request message and a response one. The loose coupling allows the internal structure of requester or provider components to change, without impacting the other, provided that the message schema stays the same. (Sefan Linders, 2008; Mark Colan 2004; Rense M. Balk, 2006-2008) Services are autonomous: Services have control over the logic they encapsulate and do not depend on other services. Allowing the service to take care of its processing making it independent from other ones. Service autonomy is a primary consideration when deciding how application logic should be divided up into services (Rense M. Balk, 2006-2008; Sefan Linders, 2008) . Standardized and well-defined Service Contract: Services adhere to a communications agreement, as defined collectively by one or more service-description documents it provides information on the service end point, the operations of the service, and the messages supported by each operation. This information is needed for a service requester to connect to a service provider and invoke the service. A service should have a well-defined interface that is mentioned and described in a service contract or its service definition. (Sefan Linders, 2008; Rense M. Balk, 2006-2008) Services internal structure is hidden: The only part of a service that is visible to the users is what is only needed. The underlying logic of the service is invisible and irrelevant to service requesters. Components using the service should not know or care about the implementation logic of a service, but just want the expected result to be returned. (Sefan Linders, 2008) SOA Requirements: In order to efficiently use a Service Oriented Architecture and to overcome problems, the architecture must meet the following requirements: (Edward Tuggle, Jr.,et al ,2003) Analyzing and considering the existing assets. Some times the existing systems are totally neglected; however it still has a great value. Existing system must be integrated and taken into consideration, in which overtime they will be replaced Support all required types of integration including User Interaction providing a single and interactive user experience, Application Connectivity facilitating communications, Information Integration for sharing enterprise data, being able to add new applications and services, and Process Integration. Interoperability among different systems and programming languages that provides the basis for integration between applications on different platforms through a communication protocol. Allowing the implementation of new computing models such as Grid computing and on-demand computing. Allowing the migration of assets and incremental implementations for the production of incremental ROI. Lots of integration projects have failed due to cost and unmanageable implementation schedules. Include a development environment that will be built around a standard component framework, promote better reuse of modules and systems, allow legacy assets to be migrated to the framework, and allow for the timely implementation of new technologies. Understanding web services: A misconception is that web services is a synonym of SOA; however web services are based on open standards that are independent from any implementation platform, it is a set of technologies including The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), The Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) and Extensible Markup Language (XML) (Mark Colan, 2004). A suitable technology is needed for the implementation of a SOA that can support the principles of service-orientation and there is no technology has been more suitable and successful in implementing SOA than web services. Other technologies can be employed as well for implementing an SOA, All major vendor platforms currently support the creation of service-oriented solutions with the understanding that the SOA support provided is based on the use of web services. The web services framework consists of a collection of technologies that apply to the use of services. (A.D. Phippen, et al.,2004; Sefan Linders, 2008). SOA presents the big picture of what can be made with Web services. Web services specifications define the details needed to implement services and interact with them (Mark Colan, 2004) . In a web service approach, each SOA block can play one or both of two rules a service provider which creates a web service and possibly publishes its interface and access information to the service registry. Secondly a service consumer or web service client which locates entries in the broker registry using various find operations and then binds to the service provider in order to invoke one of its web services (Edward Tuggle, Jr. et al., 2003) SOA Benefits: A question may arise for the reason of using SOA? Some of the key benefits are as follows: 3.5.1. Reusability: The principles that were discussed drive the opportunities for reuse of services. As an example autonomy and loose coupling of services results in independency of services, this broadens the applicability of its reusable functionality; hiding underlying logic adapts reusability, because service requesters are presented a generic public interface; A well-defined service promotes reuse also, because it allows service requestors to search and discover reusable services .Service orientation promotes the design of reusable services; Creating a library of services that support reuse, provides increased opportunities for leveraging existing application logic. When new application logic is built, the time for designing, developing, testing, and deploying the application can be reduced when the required logic is available in existing services, enabling composition of services, rather than developing all application logic from scratch (Sefan Linders, 2008). Efficient integration: Using communication standards such as web services on the design of services it can result in the creation of solutions that consist of inherently interoperable services in which the functionality of services becomes independent of the implementation platform. Meaning that services can communicate using the same protocol even though it resides on different platforms. Theoretically, when all services are designed according to the same standards, an access to any service is applicable from a service requester from any device, using any operating system, in any programming language. When application logic is represented by standardized services, creating interaction between them requires less effort since the communication proceeds using the same protocol. SOA can therefore significantly reduce the efforts of application integration over other methods. The benefit of interoperability does not only apply to services that are built from scratch, but also applies to legacy systems (Apostol os Malatras, et al. 2008; Sefan Linders, 2008). Agility and adaptability: Agility of an organization is the speed to which an organization copes to changes in an environment. Through the opportunities for both reusability and integration, SOA can increase the ability of the organization to cope with changes. Agility of an organization depends in part on the agility of the application logic that supports the business processes of the organization. An IT environment that is standardized, interoperable and reusable services establishes a more adaptive organization, in which automation solutions can be delivered faster, with less effort involved (Sefan Linders, 2008). EAI and SOA Relationship: 4.1. Evolution or revolution: Some misbelieves is that EAI is a thing of past and SOA is the new thing that is replacing it, this is just like if a person says transportation is a thing of past now road is here. SOA is more like EAI than a lot of software vendors would have believe. In fact, in many vendors offerings, especially the ones labeled ESB (Enterprise Service Bus) have changed very little from their EAI roots. Simply adding web services support to a product that already supports multiple protocols is not a radical improvement. SOA most likely includes messaging particularly for legacy integration. EAI also implements loose coupling though message queues and or publish subscribe messaging (Greg Deller, 2008). Many of the best practices of EAI apply directly to SOA. EAI concept of interfaces is a message publisher and subscriber. There are four types of EAI where integration projects fall; information portals, data replication, shared business function and service-oriented architecture; in which when there are enough useful services available in a company, new applications can be built by reusing already existing services only (Robert Thullner, 2008; P. Joshi, H.Singh and A.D. Phippen 2004). Companies that were doing a good job with EAI will have an easier time with SOA. They have untangled the spaghetti bowl of interfaces and now service enabling them will be much simpler. Those who struggled or failed with EAI now have another chance with our newly relabeled technology. But simply slapping a web service in front of a tangle of interfaces and decades worth of dirty data will not realize the promise of SOA. There is still a lot of heavy lifting to do and a need for a well defined approach and a set of best practices. (Robert Thullner, 2008) A SOA web services and EAI: An assumption that web services are the tools for building EAI could be made.. Integration can be done with web services, but it is a very heavyweight approach. There are many standards that is developed which should build the fundament for a widespread acceptance and usage of web services. The standards are UDDI for the registry component, WSDL for describing interfaces of services, and SOAP protocol communication between services. Many other standards have been developed around these principles supporting web services growth, they are usually referred as WS- standards. A WS- standard could be messaging (SOAP, WS-Addressing), description and discovery (UDDI, WSDL), reliability (WSReliable Messaging), transactions (WS Coordination), security (WS-Security), business processes (BPEL) and management (WSManageability) . Those WS-* standards would cover all topics which are needed for an EAI solution, BPEL can be used to build business processes and for management of the EAI solution mana gement standards can be used. SOAP can be used for messaging and can be extended by WS-Reliably Messaging to ensure that a message gets delivered. Web services standards are all based on XML and when implementing an EAI solution a lot of XML configuration files have to be written to get a working solution. The three main standards SOAP, WSDL and UDDI have been accepted by all vendors. All other standards have been developed to solve a specific problem in the web services domain. As soon as standards are broadly accepted by all major vendors of EAI solutions the web service technology can be a reasonable and effective approach for EAI solutions (Greg Deller, 2008; Robert Thullner, 2008). Research Gap: While going through the literature there are to many limitations and gaps. This is mainly because researches do not focus on EAI and SOA, in which there are lots of misconceptions present due to the lack of research on them. Some of the limitations are that SOA is a confusing term to managers, because technologists do not share a common understanding of service-oriented concepts. If technologists present the concepts from different perspectives, then confusion persists. In fact, SOA is not well understood by managers, and the business benefits are even less understood. For that reason, companies are slowly investing in SOA mitigating risk through pilot projects and being very cautious. Moreover experience in SOA and EAI is rare and as a result the academic research on them. Moreover according to Sefan Linders (2008), none of the identified benefits of SOA were based on empirical findings. Conclusion: In this paper, we examined the difference between enterprise application integration and service oriented architecture. In the first section of the paper, Enterprise application integration is generally discussed with its benefits, drawbacks to an organization, and its barriers including the rare skills and thinking of EAI as a tool opposed to a system. In the second section service oriented architecture was examined discussing its principles and requirements for preventing future problems. Afterwards the concept of web services was explained followed by SOA benefits. Finally the relationship between both EAI and SOA was discussed explaining how can both work together. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-35136765293263209962020-01-19T23:59:00.001-08:002020-01-19T23:59:02.960-08:00Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers fc F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Great Gatsby' / Gatsby's Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive desire for Daisy. The writer purports that Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the type of person she had become since they last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisy is part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsby's feelings change. Bibliography lists Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby : The Role of Nick Carraway as a Character in the Novel In 5 pages, the author discusses F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Great Gatsby,' and the role that Nick Carraway played as a character in the novel. When determining the role of Nick Carraway as he was used in this book, one must consider that he is a contrast to Gatsby. One is dark and the other is light. One is rich and materialistic. The other is representative of America's traditional moral codes. Nick Carraway is the novel's main catalyst, for not only telling the story, but also for showing the differences in society. Without Nick Carraway's influence, 'The Great Gatsby' would not have nearly the same effect. No additional sources are cited. Filename: Pcfsfnc.doc F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'Great Gatsby' / Corrupt Vision Of The American Dream This 5 page report discusses F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel 'The Great Gatsby' and explains the ways in which Gatsby presents a twisted and corrupted version of the 'great American... Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-88502439560577819572020-01-11T20:20:00.001-08:002020-01-11T20:20:05.654-08:00Dance of Life EssayThe painting ââ¬Å"Dance of Lifeâ⬠, created by Edvard Munch in 1900, is a painting that portrays people in different stages of life. It portrays two women who seem sad, a third woman who seems happy, and a bunch of other women dancing with men. The painting implies that life is difficult and that it can be depressing at times, but that it always goes on. The arrangement of the women in a half circle represents the phases of life. The women on the end of the half circle are both standing alone. The woman on the far left stands alone, representing youth, and wears white, representing innocence. The woman on the far right stands alone, representing the loneliness of old age, and she wears black, representing death or loss. The women dancing in the background represent the different phases of life and the enjoyment that can be found in every phase of life. The woman in the center of the painting represents the idea of being out of step with the ââ¬Ëdance of lifeââ¬â¢. She wears a red dress, different from all the others. Red represents danger or anger which can be perceived as negative, but by painting her in the center the artist respects her unique position in life and implies that her difference from the rest is a positive quality. The way that others are turned towards her represents how people in society center so much of their lives on attention to othersââ¬â¢ decisions. More than half of the painting has a green background representing life and vitality. The top quarter of the painting is a blue body of water that simultaneously represent tranquility. The juxtaposition of these two represents the necessity of having balance in your life. The green, as well as the people dancing, represent the joy to be found in life. Most of life should be joyous, coupled with the tranquility, silence, and reflection represented by the blue and the three girls not dancing. The different colors used in this painting represent all the different aspects in life and how important it is to acknowledge all of them. The artist doesnââ¬â¢t use harsh lines or defined shapes in this painting. All the shapes are smooth and rounded. It really adds to the implication that life flows. The smooth shapes help the painting transition from left to right. The smooth shapes support the half circle shape and it all works together to create a path for the eye to follow. Thereââ¬â¢s not a large contrast of darkness and light; most of the painting is dark except for one column where the sun is, which casts more light on the girl in white. This gives the idea that thereââ¬â¢s more light, more carefree-ness in the youth. The entire painting is two dimensional. Though there are clearly different rows and elements to this painting, the grass, water, and sky all seem to run together in a flat way. This gives the feeling that we are bigger than life; that we are bigger than the problems of the world around us. The painting has three central points of interest; the three women in their different phases of life are set up as the most significant points of the painting. It represents the phases of life and brings to mind the emotions associated with those phases. The young girl in the white dress stands next to flowers which only accentuate the idea of youth and imply that the girl, like the flowers, will still continue to grow. The older woman on the end seems to have a morose, solemn look about her. It implies introspection and reflection on the long life sheââ¬â¢s lived. It gives pause to the viewer and causes them to be solemn. One reason the painting conveys its message so well is because of the way the women are set up in contrast to each other. The harmony in the painting is created in the way that the women wear white and the men wear black. It creates a calm background which sets up a better backdrop to set the three women apart. The sun setting over the water creates a smooth backdrop and adds an idea of resignment to the painting; as though itââ¬â¢s okay to accept this ââ¬Ëdance of lifeââ¬â¢ as a way of living. Unity is completely achieved in this painting as all of the people have something in common; be it gender, clothing color, or disposition. This is a closed compositional painting and itââ¬â¢s emphasized by the circle closing off at the edges of both paintings. It represents the idea of the circle of life and ensures that every aspect of life is contained in the painting. The lines and structure of this painting seem unintentional. The lines of the grass and the separation between the water and the sky arenââ¬â¢t straight or harsh. Theyââ¬â¢re smooth and blurred, creating an intentionally casual dynamic. The point of view of the painter is that life is short and that people are happiest in their youth. The older woman seems to have a look of remorse or regret on her face as she stares at the lady in red. The painter seems to be saying that we, as the viewers, should enjoy our youth and live without regrets. It also gives implications about life and the human experience; life is contained in a short circle and passes by quickly. In any phase of life, there are things to be enjoyed and appreciated because life passes by way too quickly. The painterââ¬â¢s view of the world is that thereââ¬â¢s good aspects of every part of life. He seems to think that youth is the best part of life and that mistakes are central to life. The way that everyone circles around the woman in red represents that life circles around mistakes and trials but that itââ¬â¢s all surmountable. The painting accurately describes the way that the artist sees the way the life begins and ends; the way that we start as the girl in whiteââ¬âinnocent and hopeful and youngââ¬âand that we end as the lady in blackââ¬âfeeling morose and sad and as though life has slipped away all too suddenly. The way that she looks at the girl in red implies that the painter thinks that in our old age all we have to look back on is the choices we made, the friends we choose to keep, and the happiness that we choose to create. Though this was painted in 1900, it very accurately represents our culture right now. Itââ¬â¢s a reminder to seize the day, to live for the moment, to make the most of whatever phase of life youââ¬â¢re in so that you wonââ¬â¢t look back at the end of life and regret choices or missed opportunities. This painting causes me to reflect on my life and the decisions that I make. It makes me want to focus more on being happy with the phase of life that Iââ¬â¢m in and to appreciate being youthful and carefree. It reinforces the desire to not make decisions that will keep me out of the circle. The painting gives the feeling that life is to be enjoyed, and that no matter what it will keep going. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-57037079302985582842020-01-03T16:44:00.001-08:002020-01-03T16:44:03.331-08:00Marketing Mix And The Marketing Plan - 1335 Words Introduction Competition, Marketing Mix and pricing plays a major role in the marketing Most marketing plans are conceived to extend no longer than one year before the plan is reassessed for modifications, additions, subtractions or entire reinvention depending on constantly evolving business goals and circumstances. In fact, a properly implemented marketing plan is constantly being assessed by accurate and consistent tracking systems to evaluate the planââ¬â¢s performance against expectations. This continual evaluation is performed so that ongoing adjustments can be made to improve the planââ¬â¢s yield. the reason for this the rest of the elements of the marketing mix are cost generators, price is a source of income and profits. Through pricing, the organization manages to support the cost of production, the cost of distribution, and the cost of promotion. The product range and how it is used is a function of the marketing mix, the range may be broadened or a brand may be extended for tactical reasons, such as matching competition or catering for seasonal fluctuations. Alternatively, a product may be repositioned to make it more acceptable for a new group of consumers as part of a long-term plan. Simplistically, price is the value measured in money term in the part of the transaction between two parties where the buyer has to give something up the price to gain something offered by the other party or the seller. 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As a result, BRââ¬â¢s products smell distinctly different from other products Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-69049166816984031182019-12-26T13:11:00.001-08:002019-12-26T13:11:04.338-08:00India is the most preferential Country for Investment - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5229 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION India is today one of the most preferential country for investment in the world, whereas ranked as the third place among the world for FDI destination after China and USA. In 2003, India ranked sixth on the list. According to Goldman Sachs Global economic paper of October 2003 Dreaming with BRICS: the future predictions that over next 50 years Brazil, Russia, India and China could become a much larger force in the world economy. Now India is favoured place unlike China in the past. Initially several steps have taken to facilitate increased FDI inflows. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review has the aim to give an insight in the theoretical framework which is the basis of this research. In the first part the FDI concept will be described in general. Second part will be in detail about economic growth of India. Third part is based on FDI role in Indian economic growth. At last the discussions about Does FDI stimulating economic growth of India Foreign direct investment (FDI) is meant as investment that is made to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in a host country other than that of the investor, the investors purpose being an effective role in the organization. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments (World Bank, Global Development Finance 2002) Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident in an economy other than that of the inventor. The lasting interest impl ies the existence of long term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and significance degree of influence of the management of the enterprise. Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entries and all subsequent capital transaction between them and among affiliated enterprises both incorporation. [RE: IMF balance of payment manual, 5th edition, 1993.] FDI plays an extra ordinary and growing rate in global business. It can provide a firm with new market and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to new technology, products, skills and financing. The host country or the foreign firms which receives the investment, it can provide a source of new technology, capital, processes, product, organization technologies and management skills, and such can provide a strong impact to the economies development. FDI can be classically defined as A company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory i n another country. Direct investment is buildings machinery and equipments are in contrast with making a portfolio investment, which is considered an investment, which is considered an indirect investment. [RE: Jeffrey P. Graham and P.Barey.] In 1990s global flow of foreign direct investment increase some sevenfold sparing economist to explore FDI from a micron or trade to analyze the microeconomics of FDI. Treating, FDI as a unique form of international capital flow between two countries. By examine the determinants of the aggregate flows of FDI at the bilateral, source host country level. Drawing an a wealth of fresh data, they provide new theoretical models and empirical technique that illuminate the vital country pair characteristics that drive these flows unique, foreign direct investment examines, FDI between developed and developing countries, and are not just between developed countries. Among many others insight [RE: Foreign direct investment, Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadk a.] When I thought to identify how foreign direct investment can make a contribution to develop significantly more powerful and more varied than conventional measurements indicate. The bad news reveals that foreign direct investments can also distort host economies and polities with consequences substantially more adverse than critics and cynics have imaged. This principle controversies and debate about FDI in manufacturing and debates about FDI in manufacturing and assembly, extractive industries and infrastructure and analysis it also identifies how developing and developed countries, multilateral lending agencies and civil society can work in concert to harness foreign direct investment to promote the growth and welfare of developing countries. [RE: Theodore H. Moran, centre for global development, 2006.] FDI is a component of a countrys national financial accounts, Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment and organizatio n. It does not include foreign investment into the stock markets (Mike Moffat). The International Monetary Fund(IMF) defines foreign direct investment can be defined in two ways- Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "India is the most preferential Country for Investment" essay for you Create order The lasting interest implies the existence of a long term relationship between direct investor and direct investment enterprise, The direct investment implies the acquisition of at least 10 percent of the ordinary shares or voting power of an enterprise abroad. Foreign Direct Investor refers to an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or a group of related incorporated and or unincorporated enterprises which has a direct investment enterprise that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch-operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investors or investors.(OCED,1996) There are few common misconception (IMF,2003) FDI does not necessarily imply control of the enterprise since only 10 percent ownership is required to establish a direct investment FDI involves only one investor or a related group of investors. FDI is not based on nationality or citizenship of direct investors; it is based on investors residency. Lending from unrelated parties abroad that are guaranteed by direct investors is not FDI. FDI is thought to be more useful to a country than investment in the equity of its companies because equity investment are potentially hot money which can leave at the first sign of trouble, whereas foreign direct investment is durable and generally useful whether things go well or badly. Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one economy (Direct investor) in an entity that resident in an economy other than that of the investor (direct investment enterprise).The lasting interest implies the existence of a long term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise. Foreign Direct investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entities and all subsequent capital transaction between them and among affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and un incorporated (OECD Benchmark(1996). According to Borensztein al,(1998) FDI as an important part to the transfer of technological contribution to growth is higher when compare to domestic investment. Findlay(1978) postulates that FDI increase the rate of technical progress in the host country through a undesirable effects from the more advanced technology, management practices ..etc used by foreign firms Athreye and Kapur (2001) have emphasized that since the contribution of FDI to Domestic capital formation is quite small, growth-led FDI is more likely than FDI-led growth. This is so as increased economic activity expands the market size, offering greater opportunities for foreign investment to reap economics of scale in a large market economy like India. FDI is thought to bring certain benefits to national economics. Basically FDI invested in two categories: Greenfield investment to build new capacity, acquisition of assets of existing local firms commonly referred as mergers and acquisitions. This benefit more to countrys growth by in creasing productivity through new production facilities or MA should be based on assumption that the new owners and management expect to operate the company more efficiently than previous management. Country growth condition will be pointed out through investigation as a major factor in determining to what extent FDI helps productivity spillovers, not just by increasing the production of companies and the economy as a whole. This conditions should helpful to all ways which include human capital( work force well educated and trained), effective organization and positive business climate for eg: financial markets, political stability, and efficiency of government services. These things grouped under the heading of absorptive capacity vary substantially across all regions and countries. Attracting FDI is important for the any country economic growth. However its based on implicit assumption that inflows of FDI will bring certain benefits to countrys growth. They are following whi ch related to FDI success and failures, STIMULATION OF NATIONAL ECONOMY FDI is thought to bring certain benefits to national economies. It can contribute to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Fixed Capital Formation (total investment in a host economy) and balance of payments. There have been empirical studies indicating a positive link between higher GDP and FDI inflows (OECD a.), however the link does not hold for all regions, e.g. over the last ten years FDI has increased in Central Europe whilst GDP has dropped. FDI can also contribute toward debt servicing repayments, stimulate export markets and produce foreign exchange revenue. Subsidiaries of Trans-National Corporations (TNCs), which bring the vast portion of FDI, are estimated to produce around a third of total global exports. However, levels of FDI do not necessarily give any indication of the domestic gain (UNCTAD 1999). Corporate strategies e.g. protective tariffs and transfer pricing can reduce the level of corporate tax received by host governments. Also, importation of intermediate good s, management fees, royalties, profit repatriation, capital flight and interest repayments on loans can limit the economic gain to host economy. Therefore the impact of FDI will largely depend on the conditions of the host economy, e.g. the level of domestic investment/savings, the mode of entry (merger acquisitions or Greenfield (new) investments) and the sector involved, as well as a countrys ability to regulate foreign investment (UNCTAD 1999). STABILITY OF FDI FDI inflows can be less affected by change in national exchange rates as compared to other private sources (portfolio investments or loans). This is partly because currency devaluation means a drop in the relative cost of production and assets (capital, goods and services) for foreign companies and thereby increases the relative attraction of a host country. FDI can stimulate product diversification through investments into new businesses, so reducing market reliance on a limited number of sectors/products (UNCTAD 1999). However, if international flows of trade and investment fall globally and for lengthy periods, then stability is less certain. New inflows of FDI are especially affected by these global trends, because it is harder for a foreign company to de-invest or reverse from foreign affiliates as compared to portfolio investment. Companies are therefore more likely to be careful to ensure they will accrue benefits before making any new investments. Examples of regional st ability are mixed, whilst FDI growth continued in some Asian countries e.g. Korea and Thailand, during the 1996/97 crisis, it fell in others e.g. Indonesia. During Latin Americas financial crisis in the 80s many Latin American countries experienced a sharp fall in FDI (UNGA 1999), suggesting that investment sensitivity varies according to a countrys particular circumstances. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FDI, where it generates and expands businesses, can help stimulate employment, raise wages and replace declining market sectors. However, the benefits may only be felt by small portion of the population, e.g. where employment and training is given to more educated, typically wealthy elites or there is an urban emphasis, wage differentials (or dual economies) between income groups will be exacerbated (OECD a). Cultural and social impacts may occur with investment directed at non-traditional goods. For example, if financial resources are diverted away from food and subsistence production towards more sophisticated products and encouraging a culture of consumerism can also have negative environmental impacts. Within local economies, small scale and rural businesses of FDI host countries there is less capacity to attract foreign investment and bank credit/loans, and as a result certain domestic businesses may either be forced out of business or to use more informal sources of finance ( ECOSOC 2000). INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Parent companies can support their foreign subsidiaries by ensuring adequate human resources and infrastructure are in place. In particular Greenfield investments into new business sectors can stimulate new infrastructure development and technologies to host economies. These developments can also result in social and environmental benefits, but only where they spill over into host communities and businesses (ECOSOC 2000). Investment in research development (RD) from parent companies can stimulate innovation in production and processing techniques in the host country. However, this assumes that in-house investment (in RD, production, management, personnel training) will result in improvements. Foreign technology/organizational techniques may actually be inappropriate to local needs, capital intensive and have a negative effect on local competitors, especially smaller business that are less able to make equivalent adoptions. Similarly external changes in suppliers, customers and other competing firms are not necessarily an improvement on the original domestic-based approaches (UNCTAD 1999). CROWDING IN OR CROWDING OUT Crowding in occurs where FDI companies can stimulate growth increase and decrease in domestic business within the economy. Whereas Crowding out is structure where parent companies dominate local markets, stifling local competition and entrepreneurship. This is reason for policy chilling or regulatory arbitrage where government regulations, such as labour and environmental standards, are kept artificially low to attract foreign investors, this is because lower standards can reduce the short term operative costs for businesses in that country. Exclusive production concessions and preferential treatment to TNCs by host governments can both restrict other foreign investors and encourage oligopolistic (quasi-monopoly) market structure (ECOSOC 2000, UNCTAD 1999). Empirical data for these scenarios is variable, but crowding out is thought to be more common in specific sectors. For example, in industries where demand or supply for a product or service is highly price elastic (market sen sitive) and capital intensive. Hence regulation brings additional costs of compliance and is therefore much more likely to influence a companys decision to invest in that country (OECD b). SCALE AND PACE OF INVESTMENT. It may be difficult for some governments, particularly low income countries, to regulate and absorb rapid and large FDI inflows, with regard to regulating the negative impacts of large-scale production growth on social and environment factors (WWF 1999). Also a high proportion of FDI inflows in developing economies are commonly aimed at primary sectors, such as petroleum, mining, agriculture, paper-production, chemicals and utilities. Primary sectors are typically capital and resource intensive, with a greater threshold in economies of scale and therefore slower to produce positive economic spill over effects (OECD a). Thus, in the short term, low income economies will have less capacity to mitigate environmental damages or take protective measures, imposing greater remediation costs in the long term, as well as potentially irreversible environmental losses (WWF 1999, OECD b). IS IT FDI SUSTAINABLE GROWTH? If FDI is to take a greater role in building developing country economies, further assessment of the factors which influence and are influenced by FDI flows is necessary. Foreign companies are thought to be attracted to recipient countries for a whole range of factors, e.g. political stability, market potential accessibility, repatriation of profits, infrastructure, and ease of currency conversion. Privatization and deregulation of markets are seen as central means to attract FDI, however this can leave the poorest or most indebted countries open to destabilizing market speculation (ECOSOC 2000). National legislation can support better investment security for local markets, fair competition and corporate responsibility through defining equitable, secure, non-discriminatory, transparent investment practices (WSSD 1995, Habitat II 1996). Whilst there is concern that increased regulation could deter new foreign investors, there is evidence, such as in Eastern Europe, that tighter reg ulation of corporate, environmental and labour standards has not affected FDI growth (ECOSOC 2000). Where low income and developing economies are successful in attracting FDI, they require considerable support to ensure that they can adapt to rapid and large inflows of FDI, and that these flows positively benefit domestic economic stability (WSSD 1995). This means developing strategies which encourage greater and longer term domestic investment and saving, as well as higher returns on investment capital. The development of an international multilateral rule-based trading and investment system has been advocated widely. However, whilst the abandoned Multilateral Agreement on Investment would have provided greater rights for companies and investors, it gave limited support for the social, economic and environmental concerns of host countries. Furthermore, regulation of investment is only as effective as a countrys ability to enforce it. The cost of implementation may be prohibitive fo r many countries, hence bilateral and multilateral support, along side multi-stakeholder participation, is vital for the formulation of such agreements (ECOSOC 2000, Habitat II 1996). SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTMENT Ethical and socially responsible FDI can be encouraged through national, bilateral and international investment guidelines and regulation e.g. consumer rights, information provision, commercial probity, labour standards and corporate culture (UNCTAD 1999). Several institutions have developed or are currently working on responsible practice. The ILO has 180 conventions referring to social responsibility and it also has more specific Tripartite Declaration of Principles (1977), concerning TNCs and social policy2. UNCTAD has developed a Code of Restrictive Business Practices. Eradication of poverty and reduction of gender inequality, where women make up nearly 70% of the worlds poorest, should be prioritized. Whilst governments may seek FDI for labour intensive sectors, those sectors which require greater skills are likely to require investment in domestic training and education. Access to FDI for poorer communities and small to medium enterprises can be promoted by fostering credit/l oans and capacity building programs to improve their bargaining power (WCW 1995, WSSD 1995). Intellectual property right agreements between host countries and foreign investors can also be strengthened to ensure domestic technology transfer and skills development are better incorporated (UNCTAD 1999). SENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Greater efforts need to be made to assess the linkages between environmental impacts and FDI, although it may be difficult to isolate FDI impacts from other activities. Authorities and businesses can apply Environmental Management Systems (EMS) to assess the potential impacts of FDI ventures, e.g. ISO 4001 which details techniques such as Life-Cycle-Analysis, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and Environmental Audits. These all require investment in inspection, monitoring, regulation and enforcement to ensure effective implementation. The resources required to effectively adopt these approaches are often lacking in many developing countries, suggesting a vital need for targeted international assistance (UNCTAD 1999). Greater environmental commitment can also bring long term corporate gains e.g. greater efficiency and better quality of practice (OECD b). INDIAN ECONOMY IN BRIEF One of the worlds largest economies, India has made tremendous strides in its economic and social development in the past two decades and is poised to realize even faster growth in the years to come. After growing at about 3.5 percent from the 1950s to the 1970s, Indias economy expanded during the 1980s to reach an annual growth rate of about 5.5 percent at the end of the period. It increased its rate of growth to 6.7 percent between 1992à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"93 and1996à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"97, as a result of the far-reaching reforms embarked on in 1991 and opening up of the economy to more global competition. Its growth dropped to 5.5 percent from 1997à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"98 to 2001à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"02 and to 4.4 percent in 2002à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"03, due to the impact of poor rains on agricultural output. But, thanks to a lavish monsoon that led to a turnaround in the agriculture sector, Indias economy surged ahead to reach a growth rate of 8.2 percent in 2003à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"04. This is very much in line with growth projections cited in Indias Tenth Five-Year Plan, which calls for increasing growth to an average of 8 percent between 2002à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"03 and 2006à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"07 (India, Planning Commission, 2002 a). Such sustained acceleration is needed to provide opportunities for Indias growing population and its even faster-growing workforce. Embarking on a new growth path. India has a rich choice set in determining its future growth path. Figure 1 shows what India can achieve by the year 2020, based on different assumptions about its ability to use knowledge, even without any increase in the investment rate. Here, total factor productivity (TFP) is taken to be a proxy for a nations learning capability. Projections 1, 2, 3, and 4 plot real gross domestic product (GDP) per worker (1995 U.S.dollars) for India assuming different TFP growth rates from 2002 to 2020. Projection 4 is an optimistic scenario that is based on the actual TFP growth rate in Ir eland in 1991à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å"2000. Ireland is an example of a country that has been using knowledge effectively to enhance its growth. All things being equal, the projected GDP per worker for India in scenario 4 in 2020is about 50 percent greater than in scenario 1. Knowledge can make a difference between poverty and wealth. Which growth path India embarks on in the future will depend on how well the government, private sector, and civil society can work together to create a common understanding of where the economy should be headed and what it needs to get there. India can no doubt reap tremendous economic gains by developing policies and strategies that focus on making more effective use of knowledge to increase the overall productivity of the economy and the welfare of its population. In so doing, India will be able to improve its international competitiveness and join the ranks of countries that are making a successful transition to the knowledge economy. India also nee ds to boost foreign direct investment (FDI), which can be a facilitator of rapid and efficient transfer and cross-border adoption of new knowledge and technology. FDI flows to India rose by 24 percent between 2002 and 2003, due to its strong growth and improved economic performance, continued liberalization, its market potential, and the growing competitiveness of Indian IT industries. Even so, in 2003, India received $4.26 billion in FDI, compared with $53.5 billion for China (Box 1)! But Indias stock is rapidly rising: theForeign Direct Investment Confidence Index by A. T. Kearney (2004) shows that China and India dominate the top two positions in the world for most positive investor outlook and likely first-time investments, and are also the most preferred offshore investment locations for business process outsourcing (BPO) functions and IT services. Successful economic development is a process of continual economic upgrading in which the business environment in a country e volves to support and encourage increasingly sophisticated ways of competing. A good investment climate provides opportunities and incentives for firmsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ from microenterprises to multinationalsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ to invest productively, create jobs, and expand. As a result of investment climate improvements in the 1980s and 1990s, private investment as a share of GDP nearly doubled in China and India. But India needs to continue to foster a good investment climate that encourages firms to invest by removing unjustified costs, risks, and barriers to competition. One reason for Indias less competitive markets is excessive regulation of the entry and exit of firms, which face stiffer requirements for obtaining permits and take much longer to get under way than do the firms in many other country. The answer will be determined in large measure by how well both countries utilize their resources. Restrictions on the hiring and firing of workers are also a major obstacle to doi ng business in India. In addition, enforcing contracts is a major problem: for example, it takes more than a year to resolve a payment dispute. So, to strengthen its overall economic and institutional regime, India should continue to address the following related to its product and factor markets and improving its overall infrastructure: Speeding up trade reform by reducing tariff protection and phasing out tariff exemptions. This will help Indian firms gain access to imports at world prices and would also help to encourage exports further. Encouraging FDI and increasing its contribution to economic growth by phasing out remaining FDI restrictions and increasing positive linkages with the rest of the economy. Stimulating growth of manufactured and service exports. In so doing, India could drive down global costs in services, just as China drove down global costs in manufacturing. Strengthening intellectual property rights (IPRs) and their enforcement. India has passed a series of IPR laws in the past few years, and their enforcement will be key to its success in the knowledge economy. Simplifying and expediting all procedures for the entry and exit of firms, for example, through single window clearances. Reducing inefficiencies in factor markets by easing restrictions on hiring and firing of workers. Improving access to credit for small and medium enterprises. Addressing problems in the use and transfer of land and updating bankruptcy procedures. Ensuring access to reliable power at reasonable cost by rationalizing power tariffs and improving the financial and operational performance of state electricity boards. Addressing capacity and quality constraints in transport by improving public sector performance and developing speedy, reliable door-to-door transport services (roads, rail, and ports) to enhance Indias competitiveness. Improving governance and the efficiency of government, and encouraging the use of ICTs to increase governments transparency and accountability. Using ICTs for more effective delivery of social services, especially in health and education, empowering Indias citizens to contribute to and benefit from faster economic growth. PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES There exists a large theoretical and empirical literature about the impact of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in developing countries. In the 1960s and 1970s MNEs were often considered as responsible of persisting or even widening inequalities between industrialized and less developed countries. In recent years a much more optimistic view on the role of MNEs has prevailed. This change reflects both important economic events and theoretical developments. On the one side the debt crisis which started in 1982 left many developing countries with very limited access to foreign financial resources; this made FDI, which is essentially equity and not debt, an attracting form of foreign capital. On the other side the emergence of endogenous growth theories stressed the importance of human capital accumulation and technological externalities in the development process. In this respect MNEs, which can rely on the most advanced production and orga nization methods, are seen as a natural and powerful vehicle of technology transfer to less developed economies. While the classical paper of Findlay (1978) represents a first formal example of the potential link between foreign direct investment and technology transfer, the models of the so called new growth theory provide a very useful tool in order to analyze how the introduction of new inputs and technologies influences the production function of a given economy and how externalities affect the research efforts of economic agents and the diffusion of knowledge. Thus, not surprisingly, endogenous growth theory constitutes the predominant theoretical framework within which recent research studies the impact of FDI on growth (e.g. Borensztein et al., 1999, Martin and Ottaviano 1999, etc.). The position according to which MNEs play a positive role in the development process is shared by a large part of the academic world and basically by the most important international organizat ions. As a matter of fact, many developing countries have designed policies in order to attract foreign investment from industrialized countries. But curiously, as noted by de Mello (1997) in his survey about FDI and growth in developing countries, whether FDI can be deemed to be a catalyst for output growth, capital accumulation and technological progress is a less controversial hypothesis in theory than in practiceà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦. The available empirical literature on the impact of FDI on growth provides contrasting results not only about the existence of a significant link between foreign direct investment and growth rates (of the recipient economy), but also about the sign of such relationship. For ex. in Bornschier (1978) and Dutt (1997) growth rates are negatively related to foreign capital stocks but in Dutt (1996) the same relationship turns out to be positive. BlomstrÃÆ'à ¶m et al. (1992) find a significant positive impact of FDI inflows on growth; in Hein (1992) no signi ficant relationship emerges; the coefficient of FDI is significantly positive or not significant in Balasubramanyam et al. (1996), while in other papers such influence is positive or negative according to the level of development of the recipient country (as in Borensztein et al., 1999, and deMello, 1999).The presence of diverging results is due to econometric issues and to sampling differences. As far as econometrics is concerned, an inadequate treatment of the endogeneity problem characterizes much of the existing empirical literature on international capital flows and growth. To the extent towhich factors like the available stock of infrastructures, the market size, the presence of skilled labor, etc. are recognized to be fundamental determinants of foreign capital inflows to developing countries, we should expect that growth itself is conducive to higher levels of inward FDI. This means that a positive correlation between FDI flows and growth says nothing about the underlying causal relationship. Even when a researcher takes care to account for the endogeneity bias, it is not easy to find suitable instrumental variables that are variables which are correlated with FDI flows but not with growth. Anyway, differences in samples are likely to play a key role in explaining why empirical analyses provide contrasting estimates of the sign of the impact of FDI on growth. As noted above, in some recent contributions the influence of foreign capital on growth is positive when the recipient has attained a given level of development (as measured by per-capita income or by the available stock of human capital). Results contained in Borensztein et al. (1999) and also in BlomstrÃÆ'à ¶m et al. (1992) move in this direction. The development threshold hypothesis is clearly related to the notion of absorption capacity, which is commonly referred to in the literature on aid and growth. In other words, recipient economies can take advantage of the potential positive ex ternalities associated to the presence of foreign MNEs provided that the technological gap is not too large. Otherwise, MNEs can represent technological enclaves in the host country, characterized by significant productivity and plant size differentials, and limited productivity spillovers (de Mello,1997). There may be other factors which can discriminate between positive and negative experiences with FDI. Balasubramanyam et al. (1996) find that the influence of MNEs depends on the trade policy regime followed by host countries; the impact of FDI flows is significantly positive in economies which pursue an export promotion (EP) strategy and not significant in countries which are characterized by an import substitution (IS) policy. This is immediately understandable in a theoretical context of export-led growth. The idea that trade policy choices may determine the impact of FDI dates back to the work of Bhagwati (1973) and to the literature on immiserizing growth. Bhagwati (197 3) shows that for a small open economy importing a capital intensive good, inward tariff-induced FDI may have a negative impact on host-country welfare. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) explain that the variation in welfare deriving from tariff-induced FDI inflows may be theoretically decomposed in three parts, The loss in consumption and production deriving from tariff-created distortions (given the initial factor endowments), The loss or gain associated to the accumulation of capital and The loss determined by the repatriation of foreign profits. They show that, under certain circumstances, effects (2) and (3) alone necessarily imply a net loss,so that the theoretical hypothesis considered by Bhagwati is actually the only outcome that canresult from a tariff-induced inflow of untaxed capital from abroad (Brecher and Diaz Alejandro, 1977). Balasubramanyam et al. (1996) observe also that, when developing economies implement policies in order to protect national industries from foreign competition, a wedge between social and private returns to capital arises and the resulting international specialization of the economy does not reflect its comparative advantage. As a consequence, in a protectionist environment the spillovers associated to FDI are likely to be limited, as the allocation of capital takes place in an economy in which prices are distorted. In conclusion, both differences in the development level and in the trade policy strategy may theoretically help explain how the influence of foreign direct investment on host c ountry growth may vary over different economies. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-76366458528739830522019-12-18T09:00:00.001-08:002019-12-18T09:00:04.780-08:00Literature as Media for Developing Language Competence and... Literature as Media for Developing Language Competence and Building Social Awareness By Fatchul Muââ¬â¢in Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Lambung Mangkurat University Banjarmasin E-mail: muin_sihyar@yahoo.com Literature is a kind of the artwork which uses a language as a medium. If it said that literature is a language in one side, learning literature is, at the same time, learning a language in the other side. English literature is literature written in English language. In this relation, learning English literature is, at the same time, learning English language. If literature talks about human life, by using literary works we can learn and build our social awareness, and at almost the same time we can contribute to nationâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦creative thinking). There are four main reasons which lead a language teacher to use literature in the classroom. These are valuable authentic material, cultural enrichment, language enrichment and personal involvement (Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies Vol.1, No.1, April 2005). The non-English student who reads English well may have no difficulty in understanding denotations. However, he may find that sometimes the words bring to him different meanings or associations. Mastering a language is a matter of degree; and knowing the meanings of all the words may be not anough for a full response to literature. The first step in understanding a word is to know its denotative meaning. The next step is how to understand its connotation. Literature, Reading and Writing Reading skill can be developed from reading literary work. Reading literary work is more beneficial than reading non-literary work. This is because the former shows specific forms, diction and collection of the given language; it also shows a kind of creative, emaginative and simbolic written work. Reading literary work is not meant to understand the denotative meaning but at the same time it is meant to find out the connotative meaning. This is to say, reading the literary work is meant to understand what is explicitely and implicitely stated in the work. English teachers should adopt a dynamic, student-centered approach toward comprehension of a literary work. In reading lesson, discussionShow MoreRelatedCross Cultural Aspects Of Public Relations Management And Advertising3379 Words à |à 14 PagesEB3991 Research Methods for IBC Literature Review Cross-cultural Aspects in Public Relations Management and Advertising - A Case Study of Apple in China and Britain Xiao Yan (Ashely) G20591786 Tutor: Imren Waller Group E In the recent years, considerable attention has been paid to Apple Ltd, which has undoubtedly become the most successful media designs company with growing turnover and market shares. Its strong brand identity does not only indicate customersââ¬â¢ acceptance and preference ofRead MorePeace As A Concept Of The Fundamental Problems Faced By The World Today Essay2240 Words à |à 9 PagesLuther King said that ââ¬ËTrue peace is not merely the absence of some negative force - tension, confusion or war; it is the presence of some positive force - justice, good will and brotherhoodââ¬â¢ (King, 1957). 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However, in this new millennium, the development of education and Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-14493135848620842152019-12-10T05:42:00.001-08:002019-12-10T05:42:06.311-08:00Maji Maji Revolt Essay Example For Students Maji Maji Revolt Essay UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI MA IN ARMED CONFLICT AND PEACE STUDIES CHS 560: DIPLOMACY WAR AND WARFARE IN EASTERN AFRICA TERM PAPER: MAJI MAJI REBELLION ODHIAMBO PAULINE ADHIAMBO: C50/72182/2008 FEBRUARY 2009 Introduction East Africa today is made up of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania consist of about 636,707 square miles of land surface and roughly 42,207 square miles of water or swamps. Tanzania (Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar in 1964) forms the largest area within this region, with a total, including Zanzibar and Pemba, of 342,170 square miles of land and 20,650 square miles of water or swamp. The country boarders: Kenya to the North, Mozambique and Malawi to the South, Zambia to the South West, Congo, Rwanda and Burundi to the West. It emerges that Tanzania is a land of extreme ethnic diversity. Indeed the north-central part of the country, with its Khoisan, Cushitic, Nilotic and Bantu-speaking population, is the most linguistically diverse area on the whole African continent. The rest of Tanzania is entirely Bantu-speaking; in fact ninety-five per cent of present Tanzanians are born into families speaking one or another of a hundred or more Bantu dialects. The Arabs who settled along the coast were assimilated into Swahili with the increased contact between the coast and the interior in the 19th century and fully integrated in the 20th century. The early visitors into Tanzania were mainly the Arabs from Oman, Muscat and other parts of Arabian Peninsula. These early visitors were followed from the beginning of the sixteenth century by the Portuguese who ruled the coast until their defeat by the Omani Arabs in 1698. In the nineteenth century came the Germans and the British. Tanganyika remained under the Germans control until 1919 when she signed the Versailles treaty in France. One of the terms of the treaty was territorial dispossession of Germany. Germany lost all her colonies in Africa and other parts of the world. In Africa her four colonies namely Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togo and South West Africa (Namibia) were handed over as mandated territories to the victorious powers with colonies neighboring them namely, Britain, France and South Africa acting for Britain in the case of South West Africa. Tanganyika was handed over to the British. Germans in East Africa The interest of the Germans to East Africa began with the formation of African societies in Germany by the aristocrats i. e. ââ¬Å"the German Colonial Societyâ⬠in mid nineteenth century. By 1876, the number of Germans coming to East Africa increased as many societies were formed. In 1884 Karl Peters formed the ââ¬Å"Society for German Colonizationâ⬠to acquire colonies for Germany. This society was formed as a counter-blast against the German colonial society which was considered by Karl Peters as too inadequate for colonial expansion. Karl Peters left Germany in September 1884 arriving in Zanzibar on November 1884. He then traveled to the interior where he signed treaties with a number of African chiefs in the area of Kilimanjaro in 1884. These treaties were signed with illiterate chiefs in parts of Usagara, Uzigua, Nguru and Ukami launching the German East African Empire. In 1885, Karl Peters returned to Berlin, the Imperial Chancellor, Bismarck, guaranteed the sovereignty of the newly formed German East African Company over its treaty area. The Protectorate was enlarged by Anglo-German agreements in 1886 and 1890, while its western border followed that laid down by the Congo Free States Declaration of Neutrality of 1885. Germany also acquired colonies in Togo, Cameroon, and South- West Africa during this period. In 1886, the Anglo-German Agreement was signed splitting East Africa into German and British Spheres of influence. Germany was apportioned land south of a line from the Umba River to Lake Victoria, but also retained the territory further to the north around Witu. In 1887, Sultan Barghash leased control of the customs at Dar es Salaam and Pangani to the German East African Company. In 1888 Sultan Sayyid Khalifa granted the Company the administration of all the territory between river Umba and River Ruvuma. In 1889, the Imperial German government took over the administration of Tanganyika leaving Karl Peterââ¬â¢s Company only with the monopoly of trade. As the Imperial government took over from the company, resistances broke out in various parts of Tanganyika between 1891 and 1898. This was followed by a period of peace until the Maji Maji war of 1905-7. Maji Maji Uprising The term Maji Maji was taken from the portion magic water sprinkled on every warrior; composed of water, corn, and sorghum seed, it was suppose to make the warriors immune to bullets while committing them to fraternity of freedom fighters. The self confidence it produced was demonstrated when 8,000 warriors, armed only with spears attacked the German fort at Mahenge and tried to capture the defenders machine guns with their bare hands. The Maji Maji revolt was the last and the most widespread resistance to German Colonial rule in Tanganyika today Tanzania. Earlier the German Colonialist had suppressed other revolts such as the Abushiri at the Coast, the Hehe under Mkwawa, the Nyamwezi under Isike and the Chagga in the Kilimanjaro area. By 1900, the Germans had conquered most of Tanganyika and established effective control over the people. At the coast with the collapse of the Arab-Revolt, the Germans negotiated a peace party with the Omani aristocrats who then became the agents of a bureaucratic system of government providing each major coastal town with a liwali (governor) and the hinterland with subordinate administrators called akidas. With the beginning of Maji Maji rebellion, the German position at the coast already rested on this local compromise with Omani aristocracy. The Maji Maji uprising was the most important anti-colonial rising in East Africa between the initial European occupation and the Mau Mau war of 1950s. It covered a large area; most of south- east Tanganyika south of a line from Kilosa to Dar-es-salam-and overcame many problems of scale. It united many separate ethnic communities in a single movement. It was a mass revolt, involving not merely soldiers of traditional armies but the whole people, including women and children, who supplied food to the soldiers, gave them shelter and acted as courier service between them. Maji Maji was also a forward- looking revolt dominated by a new kind of leadership, charismatic and revolutionary religious prophets rather than hereditary and conservative traditional political leaders. Suddenly, in 1900 several communities in the south-eastern Tanganyika rose up in arms against the Germans. These communities included the Zaramo, Matumbi, Ngindo, Pogoro, Mbunga and Bena. Causes of the Rebellion There was massive use of forced labour. The Germans used forced labour to build permanent brick administrative buildings, farmhouses in plantations and to work in German owned plantations. Thousands of people were rounded up for labour at low rates of pay on German plantations and to work under jumbes (headmen) and European controlled District Development Committees. The 1903-4 harvest was so poor that the workers were not paid at all. The Germans also ruled with an iron hand. They imposed a hut-tax which was collected with more force that was not necessary. Taxation forced people to travel to distance places in forests to collect bees wax and rubber, which they could then sell to earn a few coins to pay the tax. This meant neglect of food cultivation. Failure to pay the tax resulted in severe punishment and social humiliation. A man who failed to pay was jailed and flogged in public regardless of his adulthood or his status in the society until a relative paid on his behalf. Furthermore, the cotton Program was particularly unpopular. The Germans governor Graft Von Gotzen decided as an experiment to introduce a scheme, devised for the German West Africa colony of Togo, by which African cultivators would be induced to grow cotton as a Volkskultur, a peopleââ¬â¢s crop. This decision was in response to the need for the German colony to be ndependent in its administrative budget, as well as that of establishing an independent German source of raw materials in East Africa. Despite much official opposition, he believed that ââ¬Ëindividualsââ¬â¢ cultivators could not grow cotton successfully. He therefore ordered that a plot be established at the headquarters of each headman in the experimental area, on which each of the headman adult male subjects would work for some twenty- eight days in a year. But the proceeds did not go to the workers. The scheme was a great disastrous failure as the profit was much smaller than anticipated. The sums paid to the workers, thirty-five cents was so small that some like the Zaramo refused to take it. This African response was not against growing cotton as such, which they had willing started growing as a cash crop. It was a reaction against this scheme, which exploited their labor and threatened the African economy by forcing them to leave their own farms to work on public ones. The work required considerable growing- time, picking, and protection from vermin, especially birds and wild pigs soon far exceeded the amount planned and seriously interfered with subsistence farming. Work on the plantation was enforced by sheer brutal force, thus creating strong incentives for a revolt in the cotton growing areas. Cotton became a grievance which united precisely those people who rebelled when the 1905 picking season began. Several rebel leaders were headmen who had suffered from the scheme, and one of the first rebel actions in the area was to burn cotton fields. This factor sufficiently explains the outbreak of the violence. The activities of the German Christian missionaries also led to the uprising. The burned the sacred huts of traditional priests on the grounds that they were heavens of witchcraft. The Ngindo were particularly incensed by the abuse of their women by mercenary soldiers in the German army. The German mercenaries and houseboys slept with their wives in circumstances which were a flagrant affront to Ngindo husbands. Adultery in Ngindo was punishable by war against the offenders. This was because the process of getting a wife, according to Ngindo customs was long and tedious. War against the Germans became inevitable. The government appointed akidas or government agents to collect taxes, try cases and mete out punishment. The men selected were usually from another area and were frequently Muslims who had no sympathy for local traditions, and often used their authority for personal extortion. This led to constant grumbling of discontent over the activities of akidas. Under them also a number of village headmen were appointed as jumbes, with authority to represent the government which often undermined their local reputation. The Wamatumbi were against the presence of the Arabs, Swahili akidas and Jumbes in their area whom the Germans imposed on them. Vehicle Pollution Sample EssayThe Maji Maji movement also successfully united the peoples within the area of the rising. However it failed to spread to a wider area than the Rufiji river basin. Some of the leaders who did not die during the fighting or due famine were arrested by the Germans and executed. The failure of the revolt caused ill-feelings among the people and created keener tribal differences that lingered throughout the first half of the 20th Century. After 1906, many people in German East Africa abandoned their earlier methods of dealing with German rulers. Instead of seeking to restrict the European impact on their societies, or to use the Germans as a means to improve their personal or group positions within an existing framework of inter-African relations, many sought to obtain an improved position within the European-dominated system by acquiring the necessary European skills and using them to reorganize their societies. The German administration introduced a number of reforms. The new governor, Rechenberg, (1906-12) was determined to promote African health ad education, paying particular attention to scientific advance in tropical agriculture to benefit African cultivators. He encouraged African to practice cash-crop farming, allowed Africans to choose not to work for German settlers, and punished settlers who mistreated African workers. He also replaced a number of traditional chiefs by western educated young men from mission schools. This resulted in the setting up of several institutions including the world famous Amani Biological and Agricultural Institute in Usambara, on which the Government granted a subsidy of ? 10,000 a year. The revolt led to the formation of a commission to investigate charges of misgovernment. Its exposure of cruelties aroused indignation in Germany, and offenders were sharply punished. The example was salutary for future German administration, which was placed under a separate colonial department. One of the most important reforms was the insistence that labor contracts be put in written form. Because the commissioners were appointed to control labor recruiting and act as negotiators between employers and workers, some of the abuses in labor relations were removed. In general however the German rule improved as German administrators and settlers were now dominated by fear of another Maji Maji. The most positive result of the Rising, however, was that the people learnt two lessons from its failure; the importance of unity against a common enemy if freedom were to be attained, and the futility of resorting to armed resistance against a colonial power possessing vast military capacity. This is one reason why the people of Tanganyika later resorted to constitutional protest in their struggle for independence after World War 11. Economic development was also seen in the field of communications, illustrating further, greater commitment on the part of the Germans. The Government built and owned one of the two railways in the country, although it was operated by a private company. In addition, regular steamship service between Germany and her East African colonies was assured by an annual subsidy of ? 67,000 to the German East African shipping line. After the Maji Maji Rising, educated Africans in Tanganyika turned to self-improvement and constitutional protest, which led to TANU and eventually independence. Why the Maji Maji uprising failed The Germans had modern weapons like machine guns and howitzers unlike their Africans counterparts who were armed with traditional weapons such as spears, bows and arrows or slow-firing muzzle loading musket. For example the Matumbi had 8,000 guns but nearly all of them were old fashioned, their arrows inflicted more casualties while spears proved next to useless. The Industrial Revolution in Europe ensured that by 1880 European armament were vastly superior to those of Africans. As one English poet, Hilaire Belloc remarked; ââ¬ËWhatever happens we have got The Maxim gun and they have notââ¬â¢ The Maji Maji soldiers had no military unity and no single military strategy. They did not have a single leader to co-ordinate their military operations except the Ngoni, each community had its own fighting force under a tribal leader who did not as a rule co-ordinate military operations. The unity of the movement was a religious unity rather than practical military organization. President Nyerere in his paper Socialism and Rural Development argued that ignorance and disunity were indeed the problems of pre-colonial Tanzania which eventually led to their defeat by the Germans. Further, Large powerful communities like the Hehe and Nyamwezi did not join the rising. Some African groups like the Hehe supported and fought on the Germans side because their traditional enemies the Ngoni, Pogoro, Mbunga and Sagara had joined the Rising. Chief Kiwanga of Mahenge joined the Germans in 1905 in gratitude for their help against Mkwawa in 1890s. Like wise the scorched-earth policy applied by the Germans burnt crops, destroyed livestock and other properties. This weakened and starved the Africans. The organization of the war had revolved around the power of the maji, which in turn depended on religious faith. But in the circumstances of this war , which started in 1905 and ended in 1907, faith alone exhibited serious shortcoming as was evidenced by German fire power, and the revolt was ruthlessly suppressed. Significance of the Rebellion The significance of the movement lay primarily in its attempt to enlarge political scale. Maji Maji was quite different from the earlier resistances which the Germans had faced when occupying Tanganyika, for that had been local and professional-soldiers against each other, whereas Maji Maji affected almost everyone in the colony. Not only did it involve those within the rebel area who would normally have been non-combatants, but its impact was felt on the furthest boarders of the country. It was a great crisis of commitment and in subsequent yearââ¬â¢s men had to bear the consequences of the stands which they had taken. In long term, the movement may have provided an experience of united mass action to which later political leaders could appeal. In short term, it undoubtedly increased local disunity, for not all the people in the rebel area had joined, and even those who had been seldom unanimous. Maji Maji was an assertion that the African element remained a fundamental factor in the affairs of the German colony. For Europeans, it compelled a total rethinking of the future of the colony. Just as the coastal resistance of 1888 had obliged the German government to abandon company rule and assume direct responsibility to commit itself more deeply than it had previously contemplated, so Maji Maji compelled a greatly increased German involvement in terms of political energy. In Tanzania since independence monuments have been built at important Maji Maji sites. In 1965, monument at Mikukuyumbu where Cassian Spiss and his party were murdered was enlarged. In Songea the then Regional Commissioner of Ruvuma, Martin Haule initiated the building of a beautiful monument in the area where the Maji Maji warriors were believed to have been buried. In October 1967, TANU Conference in Mwanza, delegates was asked to observe silence to remember those who died in the Maji Maji movement. There is no doubt therefore that the rising is important in the History of Tanzania. Conclusion Maji Maji uprising was the first large-scale movement of resistance to colonial rule in East Africa. In the words of John Iliffe it was ââ¬Ëa final attempt by Tanganyikaââ¬â¢s old societies to destroy the colonial order by forceââ¬â¢, and it was truly a mass movement of peasants against colonial exploitation. It shook the German regime in Tanganyika; their response was not just the suppression of the movement but also the abandonment of the communal cotton scheme. There were also some reforms in the colonial structure, especially with regard to the recruitment and use of labor, which were designed to make colonialism acceptable to Africans. But the rebellion failed and this failure did not indeed make ââ¬Ëthe passing of the old societies inevitableââ¬â¢. The Maji Maji uprising was primarily based on traditional methods of warfare and its leadership selected according to traditional standards, was strengthened by the medicine at Ngalambe. The effect of the Maji Maji was universalization of leadership. In other words local leaders from different parts were brought together and worked together for a common end; expulsion of all Europeans. When the people went to fight they went under their local leaders who it was believed had been strengthened by the medicines of Kinjikitile. In other words the effects of Maji Maji were psychological, and in practical warfare traditional methods remained. The difference lay in the collective application of such methods against the Germans. Maji Maji is regarded as one of the beginnings of the struggle for lost independence. In other words it was as any other resistance part of the dynamics of the process towards Uhuru. President Nyerere was the first to put this argument before an International body, United Nations where he used it as an argument for independence in Tanzania and at the same time warned that the new nationalistic movement TANU would assimilate the ideas, not the practical techniques of the Maji Maji movement. The British Government which called Nyerereââ¬â¢s speech a ââ¬Å"travesty, of historyâ⬠admitted that Maji Maji was ââ¬Å"a bid for freedom against oppressionâ⬠. References 1. Iliffe John, Tanganyika under German Rule 1905-1912, Cambridge University Press, 1969. 2. Kimambo I. N. and Temu A. J. (Eds), A History of Tanzania, East African Publishing House, 1969. 3. Hatch John, Tanzania, Pall Mall Press, London. 1972. 4. Tidy Michael and Leeming Donald, A History of Africa 1840-1919, Volume Two, October 1979. 5. Boahen A. Adu, General History of Africa V11. Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935, Heinemann Kenya, UNESCO 1990. 6. Okoth Assa. Essays on Advanced Level History. Africa: 1885/1914, Heinemann Educational Books (E. A) Ltd, 1985. G. L. Steers, The Judgement on German Africa (London, 1939), p. 249 G. C. K. Gwassa and John Iliffe (Eds. ). Records of the Maji Maji Rising, Part 1 (Nairobi, East African Publishing House, 1968). Ibid pp. 27-28 Michael Tidy and Donald Leeming, A History of Africa 1840-1914. Volume 1. pp. 13 Julius K. Nyerere, Freedom and Unity (London, Oxford University Press 1966), 40-41 Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-39896675142972641412019-12-02T17:24:00.001-08:002019-12-02T17:24:03.554-08:00Presidential Powers Essays (1707 words) - , Term Papers Presidential Powers Presidential Powers The President as Chief of State In every government there is a ceremonial head of the government who is the symbol of all the people in the nation. As Howard Taft put it, The personal embodiment and representative of their dignity and majesty(McClenaghan, pg. 316). That person is the Chief of State or more commonly known as the President. One of the main factors that cause the presidents to be viewed as a symbol of the American community is the president's ceremonial duties which are named in the Constitution. The Constitution states several ceremonial duties that the presidents are obliged to perform. They are required to take an oath of office, periodically inform Congress of the State of Union, negotiate with foreign powers, and receive Ambassadors and other Public Ministers. These Constitutional ceremonial duties supported the assumption of the Chief of State role by George Washington and his successors because they made the president appear as the leader of the entire nation(The Presidents A-Z, Pg. 68). Castro 2 Both, the Oath of Office ceremony, the Inauguration, and the State of Union address physically place the President out in front of other government officials. Also, the President's duty to receive Ambassadors shows that foreign governments view and regard the president as the official representative of the United States, and since the rest of the world sees our president as being the Chief of State, then the domestic responsibilities of the Chief of State could not be assumed more gracefully than anyone but the President (The Presidents A-Z, pg. 69). In the 18th century, when the Framers designed the U.S. president's job, monarchy was the style of government throughout most of the world. But, since they wanted to avoid any suggestion of a monarchy, the Framers of the constitution made the Chief of State the Chief Executive as well. They called this person the President. But, like monarchs, the U.S. Presidents are the living symbol of the nation. Th ey symbolize the country's history, liberty and strength. The President can appoint ceremonial representatives, but while they are still in office they cannot escape their role as Chief of State. At every moment they represent the United States at home and overseas. Castro 3 When the President, or shall I say the Chief of state, is not occupied with functions that pertain to government he would attend and participate in such as lighting the national Christmas tree, deliver a patriotic address during the Fourth of July, lay a wreath on the graves of soldiers that died for their country (such as the Tomb of the Unknowns) on Memorial day, lead us special holidays (such as Thanksgiving, bless fund raising drives, and on numerous occasions in the past he would throw the first ball to open the baseball season in the Spring. Many of these functions mean something and are significant especially when the President is involved. But consequently, the duties of the Chief of State are seldom des cribed as a power and are sometimes denounced as a waste of the President's time. (The Presidency, Pg. 69) Although the President's right to dedicate a monument or congratulate an astronaut may mean little, The symbolism that the action portrays clearly enhances presidential authority, legitimizes and maximizes other presidential powers, and secures his position as Chief of State. (The Presidency, Pg. 69) As political scientist Clinton Castro 4 Rossiter explained No president can fail to realize that all his powers are invigorated, indeed are given a new dimension of authority, because he is the symbol of our sovereignty, continuity, and grandeur. The presidency is therefore elevated above other offices and institutions not just by its legal authority, but also by its symbolic and historic mystique. (The Presidency, Pg.69) The position of the President as the Chief of State is defined by the Constitutional provisions which are the source of some of the most important power the Presi dent can use. The parts covered by these provisions are classified as Military, Judicial, and Diplomatic. Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, provides for the power as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the Militia of the several states, when Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-65600091388630676132019-11-27T05:22:00.001-08:002019-11-27T05:22:06.000-08:00Space speech essaysSpace speech essays On July 20, 1969, at 10:56 p.m. EDT, American astronaut Neil Armstrong, 240,000 miles from earth, gave a brief statement before stepping off the Eagle landing module and onto the moon. Back on earth, close to a billion people were listening. A moment later, Armstrong put his left foot into the powdery lunar surface, took a few steps, and humanity had walked on the moon. No doubt, this was a great moment for mankind, and it gave the world a psychological lift of conquering something that before seemed so impossible. It fed the craving of mans imagination and wonder of space and places beyond the earth. It gave a feeling of adventure and excitement of venturing into the unknown. And all of these things are great and wonderful, but this expedition had an enormous price tag. And maybe that price tag was ok and justified back in 1969, for we went and conquered and it is an exciting accomplishment in our history books, but now...in 2004 President Bush proposes not only a manned flight retu rn trip to the moon, but a man voyage to mars, and I, John Doe, have a serious problem with this proposal for several reasons and am here to persuade you not to support this proposal and convince you that sending man back into place is unnecessary human risk factor for astronauts, and a waste of trillions of dollars when there are domestic issues that could desperately use this money instead, and lastly, that there are cheaper and more effective methods of space exploration. We should be suspicious of Bushs administrations motives and we should question how exactly will sending men back to the moon benefit us here on earth? The fact is, there is really very little benefit. We have already jumped around on the moon, taken photographs and planted a U.S. flag. Is is necessecary to go back? What is there to do? Bushs proposal is not justified; it just seems to be part of the idea of a leader with a vision. And at first ... Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-58753833932911828232019-11-23T12:56:00.001-08:002019-11-23T12:56:04.732-08:00The eNotes Blog How to Write a Character Analysis in 11StepsHow to Write a Character Analysis in 11Steps At first, learning how to write a character analysis may seem like an overwhelming task, especially when characters are evolving throughout the text. Not every aspect of a character will be directly stated by the author. Therefore, itââ¬â¢s up to you to find textual evidence that supports your interpretation of the characterââ¬â¢s disposition. The goal of a character analysis is to explain how a characterââ¬â¢s specific traits are represented in and influence a literary work. When analyzing characters, you should evaluate how an author describes them, their actions, and their dialogue within the plot. To help get you started, lets review 11 steps to writing a character analysis. 1. Identify the character Before writing, you should have a basic understanding of the character you want to analyze. Several important questions to ask yourself include the following: What is the characters role in the story? Is it a major or minor role? Who does the character interact with? Who is important to the character? What possessions does the character have? How does the character relate to them? To best answer these questions, its helpful to identify the specific types of characters and roles within a story. 2. Take notes Regardless of how many times youââ¬â¢ve read the text, skim the piece again and actively note specific scenes in which your character appears. Highlight any meaningful dialogues or descriptions provided by the author. Once you start writing, your notes will be helpful references to add textual support into your analysis. 3. Locate the characterââ¬â¢s initial introduction First impressions are important, and so identifying how an author introduces a character is vital to a successful character analysis. Ask yourself: How is the character first introduced by the author? What is she doing? What is her relation to the other characters? Character introductions often provide physical descriptions that may reflect specific aspects about the characters nature or livelihood. 4. à Look for words repeatedly used to describe the character Make note of the words used to describe your character, especially if theyââ¬â¢re repeated throughout the text. These recurring descriptions may provide insight into the characterââ¬â¢s psychology and motivations behind the actions the character makes. 5. à Be aware of items associated with the character Whether these items are part of the characters physical descriptions or part of a larger symbolic significance, they may express important aspects of the character, which will help you better define who your character is. 6. Identify the characterââ¬â¢s use of language You can learn a lot about characters by how they communicate. For instance, a characterââ¬â¢s language may reveal insights into her background or current livelihood: Is she educated? Does she use slang? Does her language reflect where shes from? 7. Note the characterââ¬â¢s actions and their effects on others Actions do tend to speak louder than words. A characterââ¬â¢s behavior will often provide more insight into a characterââ¬â¢s persona rather than the physical descriptions given by the author or other characters. 8. Identify the characters motivation As you consider the effects of your characterââ¬â¢s internal thoughts and external actions on others, youââ¬â¢ll want to also consider why the character is acting or thinking in a particular way. 9. à Consider the historical time period You should always put the characterââ¬â¢s actions and thoughts in context and refrain from making contemporary judgments about the past. The setting is a crucial component of the plot and can significantly influence character development, so develop an understanding of the historical context in which your character is a part. 10. à Identify the authors attitude Be mindful of the authorââ¬â¢s attitude towards the characters he or she has created. The author may be directing you toward an intended interpretation. 11. Create an outline At this point, you should have enough information about your character to start constructing an outline for your analysis. This is the time to refer back to your notes to find textual evidence that supports conclusions youââ¬â¢ve made about your character and the role she plays in the literary work. When you feel confident in your comprehension and interpretation of the text, you should be on your way to writing a successful character analysis! For a more in-depth review on how to write a character analysis and specific examples for each step, visit ââ¬â¢ How To Series. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-87528871556424589212019-11-21T05:02:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:02:06.606-08:00Investment Risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsInvestment Risk - Research Paper Example These might include people who either have very small investments or can not afford to diversify; or people who have very strong belief that the stock in which they have concentrated their investments into, will perform as good as they desire. There are many risks to an investment in stocks that an ordinary shareholder has to experience and has to deal with, in order to ensure that his or her investment does not result into a loss. One easiest way to minimize risks is to invest into only those stocks that belong to the companies that are generally called 'blue chips'. These are the most stable in the market and have little risk of the investment going bad. But, these are also accompanied by a lower rate of return. As a general rule, the higher the risk, the higher the gain, and vice versa. Hence, it is critical for the investor to understand the nature of company he or she is investing into. The risks are required to be kept low but at the same time, the purpose of the investment is to earn profits. This takes us to the discussion around the efficient frontier, which is explained as the optimum portfolio that gives the highest returns while ensuring the security and risk appetite of the investor. This is called as the optimal portfolio or operating at the efficient frontier. Whenever an investor invests into any stock, he or she takes on two broad kinds of risks, known as systematic risk and non-systematic risk. The systematic risk is due to market conditions like interest rate movements, recession in the economy and other factors that are not in the control of the investors. The non-systematic risk, however, is the one that can be reduced to lower levels using various strategies for risk management including diversification. Diversification is defined as keeping one's investments into different securities instead of keeping all money in one stock. This is important since different market conditions affect the stock market differently and this affect does not appear on all stocks in the same fashion. Hence, it is possible that an investor faces huge losses by keeping all the investments in specific stocks. Diversification allows the standard deviation around the desired average investment returns to be minimum which is what is desired from the stock inv estments. Any portfolio that lies on the efficient frontier has least risk and the most optimal return on the investment. Investors should aim to achieve this efficient frontier in order to reap the maximum benefits with least loss expectancy. Hence, the concepts of portfolio risk, portfolio investment theory and efficient frontier are closely tied together. This framework is called Modern Portfolio Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-65847407462600729622019-11-20T00:46:00.001-08:002019-11-20T00:46:03.160-08:00Reflective Paper over Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis EssayReflective Paper over Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis - Essay Example He is very unhappy with his job and always narrates adverse effects of his job. He is made to do that job because of being responsible for his whole family. His room has three doors and also his family has three members, his father, his mother and his sister. Gregor Samsa is really unhappy with his life because of his overly responsibilities and his disdainful job. He comes back from his job and shuts himself in his room. The doors in his room are also to inform him about his responsibilities that he has in relation to his family members. Gregor Samsa himself likes to alienate himself from his family members because they are attached to him not as a source of attachment but with their own motives. Gregor wakes up one morning and sees him transformed into a big insect that is disdainful. Because of his transformation into an insect, he suffers through the problem of alienation physically. He is not only alienated from his family only but from the whole world because of his existence as an alien that is frightful. Initially his sister Grete shows some sympathy with him but with the passage of time, she also draws away from him. After his transformation, all his family members started their own jobs. Gregor Samsa is alienated from his family because of his gruesome existence. Anyone who sees him is at once frightened because of his transformed structure. He is also left alone to die and he dies in isolation after which, he is thrown out by his housemaid. His family becomes relieved at his death because they are not required to face people in relation to their son. They consider the existence of Gregor Samsa as a burden on them. Gregor is alienated because he has attachments not based on love and care but based on responsibilities. His parents and his sister look towards him as a source of income that is there to fulfill their wishes. After his transformation, he is of no use for the family but becomes a burden for them. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-65547353225296518322019-11-17T13:17:00.001-08:002019-11-17T13:17:06.607-08:00The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free The Great Gatsby Essay Literature by definition may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as polemical works as well as autobiography, and reflective essays as well as belles-lettres. The Great Gatsby has the following particular characteristics of a literary texts: The first literary element of the novel is the plot, the protagonist is Jay Gatsby, a young, wealthy man in love with a society girl from his past. He tries to build a life with her but fate and bad luck turn tragic. The next key element is the theme, Fitzgerald demonstrates many themes including the decline of the American dream. The American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness. In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream, especially on the East Coast. A second important theme of the novel would be the hollowness of the upper class, the sociology of wealth, specifically, how the newly minted millionaires of the 1920s differ from and relate to the old aristocracy of the countryââ¬â¢s richest families. What the old aristocracy possesses in taste, however, it seems to lack in heart, as the East Eggers prove themselves careless, inconsiderate bullies who are so used to moneyââ¬â¢s ability to ease their minds that they never worry about hurting others. The presence of characters is also a characteristic of the literary texts. In The Great Gatsby we have Jay Gatsby the main character an ambitious dreamer searching desperately to repeat the past in a different context. Nick Carraway a young graduate from Yale which aspires to be a writer who is irresistibly attracted by the lifestyle of richness, opulence and extravagance but ends up being a supporter and admirer of Gatsbyââ¬â¢s morals and values. Daisy Buchanan, Nickââ¬â¢s cousin and the object of the main characterââ¬â¢s affection a careless, beautiful society girl with warm, fascinating gestures. Tom Buchanan is Daisyââ¬â¢s husband and the son of and immensely wealthy and socially solid family, a man without morals who can and will do anything to get what he wants. Among the other characters of he book we can find Jordan Baker, Myrtle and George Wilson and Meyer Wolfsheim. The setting of the novel takes place right after The Great War in the 1920s mostly in East and West Egg but also in New York. The major conflict is the fact that Daisyââ¬â¢s refuses Gatsby despite the vast fortune he has collected for her because of his unclear past. The climax of the book the confrontation between Tom and Jay is in chapter 7 and takes place at the Plaza Hotel in New York. The narrative voice of the novel is Nick which tells the story in the first person because he is part of it too. The mood is largely dark, pessimistic, and vapid as set by the purposelessness and carelessness of the wealthy, the ongoing string of meaningless parties, the ugliness of the Valley of Ashes, and the tragic deaths of Gatsby and Myrtle. Only Nick Carraways honest and moral view of life breaks the sense of tragedy. Among the literary techniques use in the novel we can recognize the following: The presence of the direct and indirect characterization made by the narrator and deducted from the charactersââ¬â¢ gestures and attitudes, the dialogue, the foreshadowing technique is also present through the mysterious calls Gatsby receives. Most important all types of irony are present in the text, verbal irony is present in the conflicts between Tom and Gatsby, situational irony, when Daisy ends up killing Tomââ¬â¢s mistress by accidentally running over her with Jayââ¬â¢s car and dramatic irony, when George Wilson murders Gatsby because he assumes Gatsby was the wealthy man his wife, Myrle, was having an affair with. Considering all the above, The Great Gatsby by Scott F. Fitzgerald is a modernist novel based on the reality of the post war 1920s, inspired from the authorsââ¬â¢ life which satisfies all the requirements in order to be called a literary work. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3842299254333769319.post-26598696103648621322019-11-15T01:49:00.001-08:002019-11-15T01:49:04.518-08:00An Analysis of Robert Frosts Once by the Pacific Essays -- Once by thAn Analysis of Robert Frost's Once by the Pacific Most readers are familiar with the poetry of Robert Frost, but they may not be familiar with his poem "Once by the Pacific." This poem stands out from most of his popular poems, which frequently relate to rural New England life. Many critics have thus commented that his works are too simple. "Once by the Pacific," however, seems to challenge this opinion, as it is one of Frost's more "difficult" poems to interpret. Although this poem also is connected with nature, the theme is more universal in that it could be related to Armageddon, or the end of the world. Even though this theme may seem simple, it is really complex because we do not know how Frost could possibly relate to the events leading to the end of the world. It is an "uncertain" and sometimes controversial topic, and even if everyone was certain it was coming, we do not know exactly how it will occur and when. Therefore, how did Frost envision this event? Is he portraying it in a religious context, a naturalistic one, or both? The last line (14) speaks of God putting out the light, which brings out a religious reference, but the bulk of the poem deals with nature entirely. Physical images of water, clouds, continents, and cliffs present a much more complex setting than the simple setting in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" or the yellow wood in "The Road Not Taken." As a "misty" rain settles on the waters, all the waves have the intent to pound the earth with destructive forces, and it seems as though Frost personifies these waves. For example, the waves "thought of doing something to the shore / That water never did to land before." Is Frost portraying God as in control of t... ...wn. In this poem, Frost challenges this doubt with his "certainty" of these future events. Although Frost lays out an ultimatum of these events to come, it is up to the reader to come to his own resolution to these images. This is why Frost paints this intense picture by the waters-to challenge the reader in a natural setting as to how to deal with it. As James Guimond stated in the anthology, "he assumed the lone individual could question and work out his or her own relationships to God and existence-preferably in a natural setting and with a few discrete references to Christianity and Transcendentalism" (1147). Therefore, it can be interpreted that Frost intended to blend nature with religion in these images. The confusion the reader deals with is matched by his own epiphany in dealing with the experience, and the result is a balance between the two. Nalani Stinnetthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05954288287421799590noreply@blogger.com0